Minimalizam

Minimalizam ili minimalistička umetnost (1960—1975) je umetnički pokret koji odbacuje komentarisanje društva, lični izraz umetnika, narativne elemente ili aluzije na istoriju, politiku ili religiju. Bazira se na stvaranju predmeta, slika, skulptura i muzike čija je vrednost isključivo estetskog karaktera. Minimalisti su ograničili svoje delovanje na manipulaciju elementima kao što su boja, tonovi, oblici, linije i tekstura. Prvi koji je koristio termin minimalizam bio je kritičar David Burljuk u izložbenom katalogu umetnika Džona Grahama na izložbi slika koja je održana u galeriji Dadensajng u Njujorku, 1929. godine. Kasnije, šezdesetih godina dvadestog veka, to ime je dobio celi jedan pokret. Još neki nazivi za minimalizam su: ABC umetnost i reduktivizam. Ovaj pokret je rezultat reakcije na pretencioznost apstraktnog ekspresionizma i prima uticaje od pop umetnosti, kubizma i konceptualne umetnosti, sa glavnom inspiracijom u ruskoj avangardi, konkretnije u suprematizmu Kazimira Maljeviča.

Primer minimalizma u arhitekturi, Muzej umetnosti u Bregenzu u Austriji, arhitekte Petera Cumthora

Pokret je nastao u SAD, a među glavnim pokretačima ističe se umetnik Frank Stela. Njegova izložba „Crne slike“ (Black Paintings), priređena 1959. godine u Muzeju moderne umetnosti u Njujorku (engl. Museum of Modern Art, skr. MoMA), ubrzo je postala inspiracija mnogim umetnicima, koji su počeli da napuštaju „ekspresiju“. Glavni istorijski događaj pokreta bila je izložba, održana 1966. godine u Njujorku, pod imenom „Osnovne strukture“ (Primary Structures).

Preciznost ujedno sa geometrijom i ponavljajućim dekorativnim šemama, ravnim i jednolično obojenim površinama sa čistim i nemešanim bojama, glavne su odlike minimalizma. Baza su geometrijske, racionalne šeme, a industijski materijali se koriste za eliminisanje tragova „ručnog rada“ umetnika. Spoljašnji izgled predmeta je glavni estetski kvalitet minimalizma.

Minimalizam želi da posmatrač uživa umetničko delo bez distrakcija kompozicije, tema i ostalih elemenata iz tradicionalne umetnosti. Materijali i način na koji je delo predstavnjeno su ujedno i sama njegova stvarnost ili tematika, ali takođe i razlog samog „postojanja“. Minimalizam ne pretenduje nikakvu drugu simboliku osim onoga što se može videti u samom delu. Boja se ne koristi za izražavanje osećanja nego za ograničavanje prostora. Apstraktni odnosi između različitih elemenata treba da navedu posmatrača na razmišljanje i ujedno su i sama srž tematike. Odbacuje se ideja iz tradicionalne umetnosti, po kojoj umetnost treba da bude lični izraz umetnika. Iako postoji dosta toga emotivnog i podsvesnog u minimalizmu, umetnik minimalista odbacuje osećanja kao princip stvaralaštva umetničkog dela i smatra da je reakcija na delo od strane posmatrača od primarne i suštinske važnosti.

Minimalizam ispituje prirodu umetnosti i njeno mesto u društvu. Iako su neki kritičari smatrali da je minimalizam umetnost koja će slabo uticati na dalji razvoj savremene umetnosti, ne mogu se negirati posledice i uticaji koje je ostavila na teoriju i praksu „postmoderne“.

Umetnici minimalisti

• Karl Andre (Carl Andre)
• Donald Džud (Donald Judd)
• Keli Elsvort (Kelly Ellsworth)
• Robert Moris (Robert Morris)
• Ad Reinhart (Ad Reinhardt)
• Robert Smitson (Robert Smithson)
• Frank Stela (Frank Stella)
• Sol Levit (Sol Lewitt)
• Valter de Marija (Walter De Maria)

Povezano

• Postminimalizam

Literatura

• H.W. Janson, Istorija umetnosti, Beograd 1962.
• Đina Piskel, Opšta istorija umetnosti, Beograd 1972.
• Markus Steigman/ René Zey- Lexikon der Modernen Kunst Tehniken und Stile Hamburg 2002.
• Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Architecture, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-6642-7.
• Cerver, Francisco Asencio (1997). The Architecture of Minimalism. New York, NY: Arco. ISBN 0-8230-6149-3.
• Keenan, David, and Michael Nyman (2001). "Claim to Frame". The Sunday Herald (4 February).
• Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture". The Art Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 217–224.
• Nyman, Michael (1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator 221, no. 7320 (11 October): 518–19.
• Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN 0-7148-3262-6.
• Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Design. ISBN 0-688-17487-6 (cloth); ISBN 0-06-082990-7 (cloth).
• Saito, Yuriko (2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 65, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 85–97. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
• Anderson, Virginia. 2013. "Systems and Other Minimalism in Britain". In The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music, edited by Keith Potter, Kyle Gann, and Pwyll ap Siôn, 80–106. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-3549-5.
• Bernard, Jonathan W. 1993. "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music 31, no. 1 (Winter): 86–132. . JSTOR 833043. 
• Bernard, Jonathan W. 2003. "Minimalism, Postminimalism, and the Resurgence of Tonality in Recent American Music". American Music 21, no. 1 (Spring): 112–33. . JSTOR 3250558. 
• Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
• Emmerson, Simon. 2007. Music, Electronic Media, and Culture. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers Limited.
• Fink, Robert. 2005. Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music as Cultural Practice. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24036-7 (cloth). ISBN 0-520-24550-4 (pbk).
• Gann, Kyle. 1997. American Music in the Twentieth Century. Schirmer. ISBN 0-02-864655-X.
• Gann, Kyle. 1987. "Let X = X: Minimalism vs. Serialism." Village Voice (24 February): 76.
• Gann, Kyle. 1998. "A Forest from the Seeds of Minimalism: An Essay on Postminimal and Totalist Music". KyleGann.com.
• Gann, Kyle. 2001. "Minimal Music, Maximal Impact: Minimalism's Immediate Legacy: Postminimalism". New Music Box: The Web Magazine from the American Music Center (November 1) (Accessed 4 February 2012).
• Gann, Kyle. 2006. Music Downtown: Writings from the Village Voice. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22982-7.
• Gann, Kyle. 2010. "Reconstructing November". American Music 28, no. 4 (Winter): 481–91. . DOI:10.5406/americanmusic.28.4.0481. 
• Garland, Peter, and La Monte Young. 2001. "Jennings, Terry". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
• Glass, Philip. 2008. "Preface". In R. Scotto. Moondog: The Viking of 6th Avenue. New York: Process.
• Gotte, Ulli. 2000. Minimal Music: Geschichte, Asthetik, Umfeld. Taschenbucher zur Musikwissenschaft, 138. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel. ISBN 3-7959-0777-2.
• Harrison, Daniel (1997). „After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music”. u: Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M.. Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis. Oxford University Press. str. 33–57. ISBN 9780199880126. 
• Johnson, Timothy A. 1994. "Minimalism: Aesthetic, Style, or Technique?" Musical Quarterly 78, no. 4 (Winter): 742–73. . JSTOR 742508. 
• Johnson, Tom. 1989. The Voice of New Music: New York City 1972–1982 – A Collection of Articles Originally Published by the Village Voice. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Het Apollohuis. ISBN 90-71638-09-X.
• Kostelanetz, Richard, and R. Flemming. 1997. Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books.
• Linke, Ulrich. 1997. Minimal Music: Dimensionen eines Begriffs. Folkwang-Texte Bd. 13. Essen: Die blaue Eule. ISBN 3-89206-811-9.
• Lovisa, Fabian R. 1996. Minimal-music: Entwicklung, Komponisten, Werke. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
• MacDonald, Ian. 2003. "The People's Music". London: Pimlico Publishing. ISBN 1-84413-093-2.
• Mertens, Wim. 1983. American Minimal Music: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Translated by J. Hautekiet; preface by Michael Nyman. London: Kahn & Averill; New York: Alexander Broude. ISBN 0-900707-76-3
• Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52143-5
• Nyman, Michael. 1968. "Minimal Music". The Spectator 221, no. 7320 (11 October): 518–19.
• Nyman, Michael. 1974. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. London: Studio Vista ISBN 0-289-70182-1; reprinted 1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65383-5.
• Parsons, Michael. 1974. "Systems in Art and Music". The Musical Times 117, no. 1604 (October): 815–18. . JSTOR 960175. 
• Perlein, Gilbert, and Bruno Corà (eds). 2000. Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! Catalog of an exhibition held at the Musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain, Nice, April 28 – September 4, 2000, and the Museo Pecci, Prato, September 23, 2000 – January 10, 2001. New York: Delano Greenidge Editions, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-3.
• Potter, Keith. 2000. Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48250-X.
• Potter, Keith. 2001. "Minimalism". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
• Rodda, Richard E. (1999). Liner notes, Violin Concertos of John Adams & Philip Glass, Robert McDuffie (violin). Telarc, CD-80494.
• Rose, Barbara. 1965. "ABC Art". Art in America 53, no. 5 (October–November): 57–69.
• Schönberger, Elmer. 2001. "Andriessen: (4) Louis Andriessen". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
• Schwarz, K. Robert. 1996. Minimalists. 20th Century Composers Series. London: Phaidon. ISBN 0-7148-3381-9.
• Sherburne, Philip (2006). „Digital Discipline: Minimalism in House and Techno”. u: Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel. Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. New York: Continuum. str. 319–326. ISBN 978-0-8264-1615-5. 
• Sitsky, Larry. 2002. Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313017239
• Strickland, Edward. 1993. Minimalism: Origins. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-35499-4 (cloth); ISBN 0-253-21388-6 (pbk, corrected and somewhat revised printing, 2000). Chapter T, pp. 241–56, reprinted as Strickland 1997.
• Strickland, Edward. 1997. "Minimalism: T (1992)". In Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism, edited by Richard Kostelanetz and Robert Flemming, 113–130. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-520-21491-9. Reprint of a chapter from Strickland 1993.
• Sweeney-Turner, Steve. 1995. "Weariness and Slackening in the Miserably Proliferating Field of Posts." Musical Times 136, no. 1833 (November): 599–601. . JSTOR 1003498. 
• Warburton, Dan. 1988. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music." Intégral 2:135–59. . JSTOR 40213909. 

Vanjske veze

Minimalizam na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu
• Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées
• "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The NationArhivirano 2020-01-17 na Wayback Machine-u
• Art of the States: minimalist minimalist works by American composers, including audio samples.
• Art and Music Since 1945: Introduction to Minimal Music, from Ohio State University's Department of Art Education.
• Minimal Music, Maximal ImpactArhivirano 2011-08-04 na Wayback Machine-u, by Kyle Gann, with a more comprehensive list of early minimalists.