Glukonska kiselina

D-Glukonska kiselina
	D-Glukonska kiselina
Drugi nazivi	Dekstronska kiselina
Identifikacija
CAS registarski broj	526-95-4 , ; 133-42-6 (racemat)
PubChem	10690
ChemSpider	10240
EC-broj	208-401-4
ChEBI	33198
ChEMBL	CHEMBL464345
Jmol-3D slike	Slika 1
SMILES
	O=C(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO
InChI
	InChI=1S/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-/m1/s1 ; Kod: RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N InChI=1/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-/m1/s1; Kod: RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYBY
Svojstva
Molekulska formula	C6H12O7
Molarna masa	196.16 g/mol
Agregatno stanje	Bezbojni kristali
Tačka topljenja	131 °C, 404 K, 268 °F
Rastvorljivost u vodi	Dobra
pKa	3.86
	(šta je ovo?) (verifikuj) ; Ukoliko nije drugačije napomenuto, podaci se odnose na standardno stanje (25 °C, 100 kPa) materijala
	Infobox references

Glukonska kiselina je organsko jedinjenje sa molekulskom formulom C₆H₁₂O₇ i strukturnom formulom HOCH₂(CHOH)₄COOH. Ona je jedan od 16 stereoizomera 2,3,4,5,6-pentahidroksiheksanske kiseline.

U vodenim rastvorima na neutralnom pH, glukonska kiselina formira glukonatni jon. Soli glukonske kiseline su poznate kao „glukonati“. Glukonska kiselina, glukonatne soli, i glukonatni estri su široko rasprostranjeni u prirodi zato što proizilaze iz oksidacije glukoze. Neki lekovi se da unose putem injekcija u obliku glukonata.

Hemijska struktura

Hemijska struktura glukonske kiseline se sastoji od lanca sa šest ugljenika za koje je vezano pet hidroksilnih grupa i terminalna karboksilna grupa. U vodenom rastvoru, glukonska kiselina postoji u ravnoteži sa cikiličnim estrom glukono delta-laktonom.

Rasprostranjenost i upotreba

Glukonska kiselina se prirodno javlja u voću, medu, kombuča čaju, i vinu. Kao prehrambeni aditiv (E574^[6]), ona je regulator kiselosti. Ona se takođe koristi u sredstivima za čišćenje, gde ona rastvara mineralne depozite posebno u alkalinom rastvoru. Glukonatni anjon formira helate sa Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, Al³⁺, i drugim metalima. Horas Terhun Herik je razvio proces za proizvodnju soli putem fermentacije 1929.^[7]

Kalcijum glukonat u obliku gela se koristi za tretiranje opekotina uzrokovanih fluorovodoničnom kiselinom;^[8]^[9] kalcijum glukonatne injekcije se mogu koristiti u ozbiljnijim slučajevima da bi se izbegla nekroza unutrašnjih tkiva.^[10] Kinin glukonat je so glukonske kiseline i kinina, koja se koristi za intramaskularne injekcije u lečenju malarije. Cink glukonatne injekcije se koriste pri kastraciji mužjaka pasa.^[11] Injekcije gvožđe glukonata su bile predlagane za tretiranje anemije.^[12]

Reference

↑ Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). „PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery.”. Drug Discov Today 15 (23-24): 1052-7. DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.003. PMID 20970519. edit
↑ Evan E. Bolton, Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. DOI:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.
↑ Hettne KM, Williams AJ, van Mulligen EM, Kleinjans J, Tkachenko V, Kors JA. (2010). „Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining”. J Cheminform 2 (1): 3. DOI:10.1186/1758-2946-2-3. PMID 20331846. edit
↑ Gaulton A, Bellis LJ, Bento AP, Chambers J, Davies M, Hersey A, Light Y, McGlinchey S, Michalovich D, Al-Lazikani B, Overington JP. (2012). „ChEMBL: a large-scale bioactivity database for drug discovery”. Nucleic Acids Res 40 (Database issue): D1100-7. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr777. PMID 21948594. edit
↑ Bjerrum, J., et al. Stability Constants, Chemical Society, London, 1958.
↑ Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers. Food Standards Agency
↑ „All Chemistry”. Time magazine. 13. 5. 1929.. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-06-03. Pristupljeno 12. 07. 2010.
↑ el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH (1989). „Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure”. Vet Hum Toxicol 31 (3): 243–7. PMID 2741315.
↑ Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D (2006). „Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate”. J Burn Care Res 27 (6): 889–94. DOI:10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09. PMID 17091088.
↑ D. Thomas, U. Jaeger, I. Sagoschen, C. Lamberti and K. Wilhelm (2009), Intra-Arterial Calcium Gluconate Treatment After Hydrofluoric Acid Burn of the Hand. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, Volume 32, Number 1, pages 155-158, DOI 10.1007/s00270-008-9361-1
↑ Julie K. Levy, P. Cynda Crawford, Leslie D. Appel, Emma L. Clifford (2008), Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research Vol. 69, No. 1, Pages 140-143. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.140
↑ Paul Reznikoff and Walther F. Goebel (1937), The preparation of ferrous gluconate and its use in the treatment of hypochromic anelia in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thereapy, volume 59 issue 2, page 182.

Spoljašnje veze

Portal Hemija

[1] Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). „PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery.”. Drug Discov Today 15 (23-24): 1052-7. DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.003. PMID 20970519. edit

[2] Evan E. Bolton, Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. DOI:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.

[3] Hettne KM, Williams AJ, van Mulligen EM, Kleinjans J, Tkachenko V, Kors JA. (2010). „Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining”. J Cheminform 2 (1): 3. DOI:10.1186/1758-2946-2-3. PMID 20331846. edit

[4] Gaulton A, Bellis LJ, Bento AP, Chambers J, Davies M, Hersey A, Light Y, McGlinchey S, Michalovich D, Al-Lazikani B, Overington JP. (2012). „ChEMBL: a large-scale bioactivity database for drug discovery”. Nucleic Acids Res 40 (Database issue): D1100-7. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr777. PMID 21948594. edit

[5] Bjerrum, J., et al. Stability Constants, Chemical Society, London, 1958.

[6] Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers. Food Standards Agency

[7] „All Chemistry”. Time magazine. 13. 5. 1929.. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-06-03. Pristupljeno 12. 07. 2010.

[pmid2741315-8] Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH (1989). „Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure”. Vet Hum Toxicol 31 (3): 243–7. PMID 2741315.

[pmid17091088-9] Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D (2006). „Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate”. J Burn Care Res 27 (6): 889–94. DOI:10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09. PMID 17091088.

[10] D. Thomas, U. Jaeger, I. Sagoschen, C. Lamberti and K. Wilhelm (2009), Intra-Arterial Calcium Gluconate Treatment After Hydrofluoric Acid Burn of the Hand. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, Volume 32, Number 1, pages 155-158, DOI 10.1007/s00270-008-9361-1

[11] Julie K. Levy, P. Cynda Crawford, Leslie D. Appel, Emma L. Clifford (2008), Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research Vol. 69, No. 1, Pages 140-143. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.140

[12] Paul Reznikoff and Walther F. Goebel (1937), The preparation of ferrous gluconate and its use in the treatment of hypochromic anelia in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thereapy, volume 59 issue 2, page 182.

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