Ustavna kriza u Hondurasu 2009.
Ustavna kriza u Hondurasu iz 2009. godine[1][2][3] (španjolski: Crisis política en Honduras de 2009) bila je ustavnopolitička kriza koja je izbila u Hondurasu zbog sukoba oko promjene ili pisanja novog Ustava.
Želeći proširiti svoje ovlasti i omogućiti si reizbor, tadašnji honduraški predsjednik Manuel Zelaya planirao je 2009. godine održati referendum oko promjene ustava Hondurasa. Kako taj isti Ustav eksplicitno zabranjuje reizbor predsjednika,[4] Zelayjin plan je naišao na otpor vlade, uglednih članova njegove Liberalne partije te Vrhovnog suda pravde, koji su, svi redom, predsjednikov plan smatrali protuustavnim.[5][6] Referendum se trebao održati 28. lipnja 2009. godine, međutim sud prvog stupnja je zabranio održavanje istog, što je odluka koju je potvrdio i Vrhovni sud pravde.[7] U tom je trenutku došlo do krize, jer u Hondurasu nije postojao nijedan zakon niti ustavna odredba koja bi ponudila rezoluciju u navedenoj situaciji; nije postojala nikakva jasna procedura o smjeni i procesuiranju još uvijek aktivnog predsjednika. Kako bi razriješio situaciju, Vrhovni sud je u neprecedentnom potezu naredio oružanim snagama da izvedu vojni udar, svrgnu Zelayju i potjeraju ga u egzil, što se i dogodilo u lipnju 2009. godine.[8]
U jutarnjim satima 28. lipnja 2009. godine, oko stotinu pripadnika oružanih snaga upalo je u Predsjedničku palaču u Tegucigalpi i prisilno smjestilo predsjednika Zelayju u avion za San José; po dolasku u kostarikanski glavni grad, Zelaya je ovaj čin nazvao pučem.[9] Kasnije istoga dana, Nacionalni kongres je glasovanjem smijenio Zelayju, nakon što je pročitano njegovo navodno pismo ostavke, koje je sam Zelaya, doduše, nazvao krivotvorinom.[10] Tadašnji predsjednik Nacionalnog kongresa i prvi u liniji sukcesije, Roberto Micheletti, prisegnuo je kao vršitelj dužnosti predsjednika Hondurasa.[11][12] Već 1. srpnja, Micheletti je proglasio "izvanredno stanje" te ograničio građanske slobode i uveo brojne druge restrikcije.[13][14][15][16]
Kriza koja je nastala izazvala je oštre osude međunarodne zajednice (Honduras je čak suspendiran iz Organizacije američkih država), a ankete provođene kroz mjesece nakon puča pokazale su kako Micheletti nije uživao gotovo nikakvu podršku javnosti (dapače, njegov je režim uglavnom smatran tiranskim), dok je tretman samog Zelayje, unatoč činjenici da je većina ispitanika smatrala kako se trebao maknuti s mjesta predsjednika, također naišao na osudu. Kako su ankete sugerirale, javnost je bila strogo protiv izazvane krize te je zazivala povratak ustavnopravnog poretka.[17][18][19]
Micheletti je zakazao opće izbore za studeni 2009. godine, a na njima je pobijedio Porfirio Lobo Sosa iz Nacionalne stranke. Zelaya se u međuvremenu pokušavao vratiti u Honduras te je boravio u brazilskoj ambasadi u Tegucigalpi do 2010. godine, kada je ponovo poslan u egzil na Dominikansku Republiku. U svibnju 2011. godine, sudovi su odbacili optužbe za korupciju protiv Zelayje, nakon čega se on mirno vratio u Honduras. Nedugo zatim, Honduras je vraćen u OAD,[20] a kriza je zaključena.
Reference uredi
- ↑ „Honduras in crisis over president re-election bid”. Reuters. 25 June 2009. Pristupljeno 14 November 2009.
- ↑ Stebbins, Will (8 November 2009). „Winners and losers in Honduras”. Al Jazeera. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 3 December 2009. Pristupljeno 27 November 2009.
- ↑ „Timeline: The Honduran Crisis”. AS/COA Online. 12 November 2009. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-01-15. Pristupljeno 22 January 2010.
- ↑ Rosenberg, Mica (28 June 2009). „Army overthrows Honduras president in vote dispute”. Reuters. Reuters. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-01-01. Pristupljeno 6 July 2009.
- ↑ „Q&A: Crisis in Honduras”. news.bbc.co.uk (BBC). 30 November 2009. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 6 July 2009. Pristupljeno 6 July 2009.
- ↑ „Latin American election statistics”. University of California, San Diego Library. 2006: Central America report, 4 August 2006.
- ↑ „Honduras Congress Communiqué explaining why ex President Zelaya was removed.”. Pristupljeno 9 July 2009.
- ↑ Olson, Alexandra (3 December 2009). „Ousted Honduran leader is trapped with few options”. Associated Press. Yahoo! News. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 7 December 2009. Pristupljeno 17 December 2009.
- ↑ "Honduran leader forced into exile", BBC, 28 June 2009;
One hundred soldiers: "Honduran Leader's Populism is what Provoked Military Violence" Arhivirano 2009-07-23 na Wayback Machine-u, Benjamin Dangl, Alternet, 1 July 2009.
Ten guards: "Honduras supreme court 'ordered arm coup'" Telegraph, 28 June 2009. - ↑ „Honduran Congress names provisional president”. CNN. 28 June 2009. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 26 December 2009. Pristupljeno 1 January 2010.
- ↑ Longman, Jeré (21 June 2010). „Spain 2, Honduras 0 - Spain Impresses, but Still Has Work To Do”. The New York Times (New York: NYTC). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 14 June 2014.
- ↑ Booth, William; Forero, Juan (29 June 2009). „Honduran Military Ousts President”. The Washington Post. Pristupljeno 12 June 2010.
- ↑ "High noon in Honduras" Arhivirano 2011-06-29 na Wayback Machine-u, Laura Carlsen, Alternet, 4 July 2009.
- ↑ „Honduran leader forced into exile”. BBC News. 28 June 2009. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 29 June 2009. Pristupljeno 28 June 2009.
- ↑ El nuevo presidente de Honduras decreta el toque de queda
- ↑ Honduras suspende el toque de queda
- ↑ Brown, Ian T.; Rios, Jesus (30 October 2009). „In Honduras, Instability, Fear of Civil War Preceded Deal”. United States: Gallup. »Results are based on face-to-face interviews with at least 1,000 adults, aged 15 and older, conducted in Aug. 24-Sept. 2008, and July 11-25, 2009, in Honduras. ...maximum margin of sampling error is ±3.3 percentage points....«
- ↑ COIMER & OP (Consultores en Investigación de Mercados y Opinión Pública) (2009). „Estudio de Opinión Pública – Nivel Nacional” [Public opinion survey - National Level] (Spanish) (PDF). United States: Narco News. Pristupljeno 7 October 2009. »Para la realización del estudio se levantaron 1470 encuestas en 16 de los 18 departamentos del pais.... La encuesta se comenzó a levantar el 23 de agosto y finalizó el jueves 29 de agosto. El margen de error se estima en 4.0%.«
- ↑ „Honduras Frequency Questionnaire, October 9–13, 2009”. United States: Greenberg Quinlar Rosler Research. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 22 November 2009. »October 9-13, 2009; 621 Respondents«
- ↑ „OAS lifts Honduras suspension after Zelaya agreement”. BBC News. 1 June 2011. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 4 June 2011. Pristupljeno 10 June 2011.
Vanjske veze uredi
- Honduran Constitution (in Spanish)
- Supreme Court documentation of Zelaya prosecution (in Spanish)
Fotografije uredi
- Slideshows by the Verdad en Honduras
- Unrest in Honduras slideshow by the Los Angeles Times
- Honduran Military Launches Coup Arhivirano 2016-12-20 na Wayback Machine-u by the Washington Post
- Honduras Coup Photos Arhivirano 2009-07-04 na Wayback Machine-u from Daylife
- Military Coup In Honduras slideshow by CBS News
- In Pictures: Honduran President Ousted by BBC News
- Honduras: Protests Against Presidential Coup slideshow by The Huffington Post
Video uredi
- Democracy is Alive and Strong in Honduras, giving a version of events alleged to have led to Zelaya's removal from office
- The Real News Network report with video Arhivirano 2013-06-23 na Wayback Machine-u featuring Zelaya stating: “The only position in Honduras that cannot be reelected is the president. But, reelection will be a topic of the coming National Constitutional Assembly.” (subtitled, from 10:04–10:22)
- Surveillance camera footage showing how $2 million in cash was transported from the Central Bank of Honduras to the office of Zelaya's chief of staff
- Honduran Elections Exposed Investigative journalist Jesse Freeston reports from inside the Honduran Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) with proof that the TSE invented fake participation figures.
Analize uredi
- 21st Century Socialism Comes to the Honduran Banana Republic, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 25 May 2009
- Honduran Taliban Vows to Protect Sharks by Jesse Freeston, Pulse Media, 1 October 2010.
- Crisis in Honduras – What was really behind the removal of President Manuel Zelaya, and is he likely to be reinstated?, Poder magazine's October 2009 issue
- In a Coup in Honduras, Ghosts of Past U.S. Policies by Helene Cooper, The New York Times, 29 June 2009.
- Totalitarian Rightists Put Orwellian Spin on Honduras Coup by John Nichols, The Nation, 2 July 2009
- Honduras' non-coup – Under the country's Constitution, the ouster of President Manuel Zelaya was legal, Miguel A. Estrada, Miguel A. Estrada, Los Angeles Times, 10 July 2009
- Understanding The Mess In Honduras by William Ratliff, Forbes, 28 September 2009
- In Honduras Coup, the Truth is as Strange as any 'Banana Republic' Fiction by Philip Sherwell, Daily Telegraph, 5 July 2009
- Why Honduras Sent Zelaya Away by Mary Anastasia O'Grady, Wall Street Journal, 13 July 2009
- Waiting for Zelaya by Greg Grandin, The Nation, 28 July 2009
- The Millennium Challenge Corporation and Economic Sanctions: A Comparison of Honduras With Other Countries, Center for Economic and Policy Research, August 2009
- HONDURAS: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ISSUES, US Congress, The Law Library of Congress, Directorate of Legal Research for Foreign, Comparative, and International Law, August 2009
- Golpe de Estado contra el Presidente Zelaya. Consecuencias de la impunidad en Honduras, Derechos Human Rights