Minimalizam
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Minimalizam ili minimalistička umetnost (1960—1975) je umetnički pokret koji odbacuje komentarisanje društva, lični izraz umetnika, narativne elemente ili aluzije na istoriju, politiku ili religiju.[1][2] Bazira se na stvaranju predmeta, slika, skulptura i muzike čija je vrednost isključivo estetskog karaktera. Minimalisti su ograničili svoje delovanje na manipulaciju elementima kao što su boja, tonovi, oblici, linije i tekstura. Prvi koji je koristio termin minimalizam bio je kritičar David Burljuk u izložbenom katalogu umetnika Džona Grahama na izložbi slika koja je održana u galeriji Dadensajng u Njujorku, 1929. godine. Kasnije, šezdesetih godina dvadestog veka, to ime je dobio celi jedan pokret. Još neki nazivi za minimalizam su: ABC umetnost[3][4] i reduktivizam. Ovaj pokret je rezultat reakcije na pretencioznost apstraktnog ekspresionizma i prima uticaje od pop umetnosti, kubizma i konceptualne umetnosti, sa glavnom inspiracijom u ruskoj avangardi, konkretnije u suprematizmu Kazimira Maljeviča.
Pokret je nastao u SAD, a među glavnim pokretačima ističe se umetnik Frank Stela.[5][6] Njegova izložba „Crne slike“ (Black Paintings), priređena 1959. godine u Muzeju moderne umetnosti u Njujorku (engl. Museum of Modern Art, skr. MoMA), ubrzo je postala inspiracija mnogim umetnicima, koji su počeli da napuštaju „ekspresiju“. Glavni istorijski događaj pokreta bila je izložba, održana 1966. godine u Njujorku, pod imenom „Osnovne strukture“ (Primary Structures).
Preciznost ujedno sa geometrijom i ponavljajućim dekorativnim šemama, ravnim i jednolično obojenim površinama sa čistim i nemešanim bojama, glavne su odlike minimalizma. Baza su geometrijske, racionalne šeme, a industijski materijali se koriste za eliminisanje tragova „ručnog rada“ umetnika. Spoljašnji izgled predmeta je glavni estetski kvalitet minimalizma.[7][8]
Minimalizam želi da posmatrač uživa umetničko delo bez distrakcija kompozicije, tema i ostalih elemenata iz tradicionalne umetnosti. Materijali i način na koji je delo predstavnjeno su ujedno i sama njegova stvarnost ili tematika, ali takođe i razlog samog „postojanja“. Minimalizam ne pretenduje nikakvu drugu simboliku osim onoga što se može videti u samom delu. Boja se ne koristi za izražavanje osećanja nego za ograničavanje prostora. Apstraktni odnosi između različitih elemenata treba da navedu posmatrača na razmišljanje i ujedno su i sama srž tematike. Odbacuje se ideja iz tradicionalne umetnosti, po kojoj umetnost treba da bude lični izraz umetnika. Iako postoji dosta toga emotivnog i podsvesnog u minimalizmu, umetnik minimalista odbacuje osećanja kao princip stvaralaštva umetničkog dela i smatra da je reakcija na delo od strane posmatrača od primarne i suštinske važnosti.
Minimalizam ispituje prirodu umetnosti i njeno mesto u društvu. Iako su neki kritičari smatrali da je minimalizam umetnost koja će slabo uticati na dalji razvoj savremene umetnosti, ne mogu se negirati posledice i uticaji koje je ostavila na teoriju i praksu „postmoderne“.
Umetnici minimalisti
uredi- Karl Andre (Carl Andre)
- Donald Džud (Donald Judd)
- Keli Elsvort (Kelly Ellsworth)
- Robert Moris (Robert Morris)
- Ad Reinhart (Ad Reinhardt)
- Robert Smitson (Robert Smithson)
- Frank Stela (Frank Stella)
- Sol Levit (Sol Lewitt)
- Valter de Marija (Walter De Maria)
Povezano
urediReference
uredi- ↑ „Christopher Want, Minimalism, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009”. Moma.org. Pristupljeno 2014-06-27.
- ↑ „Minimalism”. theartstory.org. 2012.
- ↑ Fried, M. "Art and Objecthood", Artforum, 1967
- ↑ Rose, Barbara. "ABC Art", Art in America 53, no. 5 (October–November 1965): 57–69.
- ↑ „Frank Stella Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works”. The Art Story. Pristupljeno 25 May 2012.
- ↑ Deborah Solomon (September 7, 2015), The Whitney Taps Frank Stella for an Inaugural Retrospective at Its New Home The New York Times.
- ↑ „Systemic Painting, Guggenheim Museum”. Guggenheim.org. Pristupljeno 2014-06-27.
- ↑ „Systemic art, Oxford-Art encyclopedia”. Enotes.com. Pristupljeno 2014-06-27.
Literatura
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- Markus Steigman/ René Zey- Lexikon der Modernen Kunst Tehniken und Stile Hamburg 2002.
- Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Architecture, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-6642-7.
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- Keenan, David, and Michael Nyman (2001). "Claim to Frame". The Sunday Herald (4 February).
- Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture". The Art Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 217–224.
- Nyman, Michael (1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator 221, no. 7320 (11 October): 518–19.
- Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN 0-7148-3262-6.
- Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Design. ISBN 0-688-17487-6 (cloth); ISBN 0-06-082990-7 (cloth).
- Saito, Yuriko (2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 65, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 85–97. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
- Anderson, Virginia. 2013. "Systems and Other Minimalism in Britain". In The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music, edited by Keith Potter, Kyle Gann, and Pwyll ap Siôn, 80–106. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-3549-5.
- Bernard, Jonathan W. 1993. "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music 31, no. 1 (Winter): 86–132. . JSTOR 833043.
- Bernard, Jonathan W. 2003. "Minimalism, Postminimalism, and the Resurgence of Tonality in Recent American Music". American Music 21, no. 1 (Spring): 112–33. . JSTOR 3250558.
- Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
- Emmerson, Simon. 2007. Music, Electronic Media, and Culture. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers Limited.
- Fink, Robert. 2005. Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music as Cultural Practice. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24036-7 (cloth). ISBN 0-520-24550-4 (pbk).
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- Gann, Kyle. 1987. "Let X = X: Minimalism vs. Serialism." Village Voice (24 February): 76.
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- Harrison, Daniel (1997). „After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music”. u: Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M.. Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis. Oxford University Press. str. 33–57. ISBN 9780199880126.
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- Nyman, Michael. 1974. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. London: Studio Vista ISBN 0-289-70182-1; reprinted 1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65383-5.
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- Schönberger, Elmer. 2001. "Andriessen: (4) Louis Andriessen". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
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- Sherburne, Philip (2006). „Digital Discipline: Minimalism in House and Techno”. u: Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel. Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. New York: Continuum. str. 319–326. ISBN 978-0-8264-1615-5.
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- Strickland, Edward. 1993. Minimalism: Origins. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-35499-4 (cloth); ISBN 0-253-21388-6 (pbk, corrected and somewhat revised printing, 2000). Chapter T, pp. 241–56, reprinted as Strickland 1997.
- Strickland, Edward. 1997. "Minimalism: T (1992)". In Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism, edited by Richard Kostelanetz and Robert Flemming, 113–130. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-520-21491-9. Reprint of a chapter from Strickland 1993.
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- Warburton, Dan. 1988. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music." Intégral 2:135–59. . JSTOR 40213909.
Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu
- Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées
- "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The NationArhivirano 2020-01-17 na Wayback Machine-u
- Art of the States: minimalist minimalist works by American composers, including audio samples.
- Art and Music Since 1945: Introduction to Minimal Music, from Ohio State University's Department of Art Education.
- Minimal Music, Maximal ImpactArhivirano 2011-08-04 na Wayback Machine-u, by Kyle Gann, with a more comprehensive list of early minimalists.