Trgovačka ruta
Trgovačka ruta predstavlja logističku mrežu u smislu puteva i stanica koji služe za komercijalni prijevoz tereta. Trgovačka ruta ima za svrhu omogućiti robama da dopru do udaljenih tržišta, te sadrži saobraćajne arterije koje mogu biti povezane sa manjim mrežama za komercijalni i nekomercijalni prijevoz.[1]
Kroz historiju, odnosno u periodu od oko 1532. pne. do 1. n.e. zapadnoazijske, mediteranske, južnoazijske (indijske) i istočnoazijske (kineske) kulture i civilizacije su razvile važne prijevozne mreže za trgovinu.[2] Rane trgovačke rute u Evropi su uključivale Jantarni put, koji je služio kao pouzdana mreža za trgovinu na dalje staze.[3] Pomorska trgovina duž Puta začina je postala važna u srednjem vijeku; države su se s vremenom počele koristiti oružjem kako bi kontrolirali ovu važnu rutu.[4] Za vrijeme srednjeg vijeka su se razvile i organizacije poput Hanze, čija je svrha bila zaštiti trgovce i trgovinu duž trgovačkih ruta, a koje su postale izuzetno važne i uticajne.[5]
S dolaskom modernih vremena, komercijalna aktivnost se preselila sa tradicionalnih trgovačkih ruta Starog svijeta na rute između modernih nacionalnih država. Ove aktivnosti su se ponekad obavljale bez tradicionalne zaštite trgovine i pod međunarodnim sporazumima o slobodnoj trgovini, koji su dozvolili komercijalnim dobrima da prelaze granice uz blaža ograničenja.[6] Inovativne tehnike transporta u posljednje vrijeme uključuju cjevovode, odnosno željezničke, automobilske rute i transportne aviolinije.
Napomene
uredi- ↑ Ciolek, T. Matthew.. „Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) Project”. Asia Pacific Research Online.
- ↑ Denemark 2000: 274
- ↑ Burns 2003: 213
- ↑ Donkin 2003: 169
- ↑ Dollinger 1999: 62
- ↑ free trade. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
Literatura
uredi- Stearns, Peter N.; William L. Langer (24. 09. 2001.). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-65237-5.
- Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120615492.
- Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge. ISBN 0415232767.
- Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0759101906.
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1994). Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0853233594.
- Edwards, I. E. S.; Boardman, John; Bury, John B.; Cook, S.A. (1969). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521227178.
- Larsen, Curtis (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226469069.
- Eckenstein, Lina (23. 06. 2005.). A History of Sinai. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0543952150.
- Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1.. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226467317.
- Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192804588.
- Elisseeff, Vadime (2000). The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571812210.
- Orlinsky, Harry Meyer (1981). Israel Exploration Journal Reader. KTAV Publishing House Inc.. ISBN 0870682679.
- Silver, Morris (1983). Prophets and Markets: The Political Economy of Ancient Israel. Springer. ISBN 0898381126.
- Ball, Warwick (2000). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0415113768.
- Donkin, Robin A. (2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN 0871692481.
- Burns, Thomas Samuel (2003). Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.-A.D. 400. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801873061.
- Seaman, Lewis Charles Bernard (1973). Victorian England: Aspects of English and Imperial History 1837-1901. Routledge. ISBN 0415045762.
- Hindley, Brian (2004). Trade Liberalization in Aviation Services: Can the Doha Round Free Flight?. American Enterprise Institute. ISBN 0844771716.
- Dollinger, Philippe (1999). The German Hansa. Routledge. ISBN 041519072X.
- „western Africa, history of.”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- Freeman, Donald B. (2003). The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet?. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0773525157.
- Lindsay, W S (2006). History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0543942538.
- Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003). Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements. Lexington Books. ISBN 0739104071.
- Curtin, Philip DeArmond; el al. (1984). Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521269318.
- Young, Gary Keith (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305. Routledge. ISBN 0415242193.
- Scarre, Chris (September 1995). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051329-9.
- Toutain, Jules (1979). The Economic Life of the Ancient World. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0405115784.
- Carter, Mia; Harlow, Barbara (2004). Archives of Empire: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822331896.
- Major, John (1993). Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903-1979. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521521262.
- „Roman road system”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „wagon train”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „canal”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „roads and highways”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „automotive industry”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „truck”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „canals and inland waterways”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- „pipeline”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- Button, Kenneth John (2004). Wings Across Europe: Towards An Efficient European Air Transport System. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754643212.
- G. Schulze, Gunther (Editor); Ursprung, Heinrich W. (Editor) (January 2003). International Environmental Economics: A Survey of the Issues. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199261113.
- Krech, Shepard (Editor); Merchant, Carolyn (Editor) and McNeill, John Robert (Editor) (October 2003). Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. USA: Routledge. ISBN 9780415937351.
- Schwela, Dietrich; Zali, Olivier (November 1998). Urban Traffic Pollution. Taylor & Francis, Inc.. ISBN 9780419237204.
- Kearney, Milo (2003). The Indian Ocean in World History. Routledge. ISBN 0415312779.