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Red 19: Calakmul je bila vodeća majanska sila u regionu Sjevernog [[Petén (bazen)\|Petena]] na [[Yucatan]]u u današnjem južnom Meksiku. Calakmul je pod vlašću imao veliku teritoriju označenu širokom distribucijom glifa s amblemom zmijske glave, a koji je značio "Kaan". Calakmul je bio sjedište entiteta koji su suvremeni historičari prozvali Kraljevstvo Zmije<ref>[[1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus]] by [[Charles C. Mann]] 2005</ref> ili Zmijsko Kraljevstvo. Ovo Zmijsko Kraljevstvo je postojalo najveći dio [[Mezoamerička kronologija\|klasičnog perioda]]. Za sam Calakmul se pretpostavlja da je imao 50.000 stanovnika i vlast, barem u nekim periodima, nad lokacijama udaljenim 150 kilometara. Postoji 6.750 drevnih građevina u Calakmulu od kojih je najveća piriamida. Struktura 2 je visoka preko 45 m, što je čini jednom od najviših [[Mezoameričke piramida\|piramida]]. U piramidi su otkrivena četiri groba. Kao i mnogi hramovi i piramide u Mezoamerici, piramida u Calakmulu se nadograđivala na ranije strukture dok nije došla do sadašnje veličine. Veličina centralnog [[Majanska arhitektura\|arhitekturnog]] kompleksa je oko 2 km², a cijelo nalazište, uključujući gusta stambena naselja, oko 20 km². Calakmul je tokom klasičnog perioda bio u žestokom suparništvu sa velikim južnim gradom [[Tikal]], te su mnogi politički događaji iz tog doba vezani uz borbu dvije majanske supersile. Grad je otkriven iz zraka od strane biologa [[Cyrus Longworth Lundell\|Cyrusa L. Lundella]] u službi Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company 29. decembra 1931. Otkriće je prijavio [[Sylvanus Morley\|Sylvanus G. Morley]] iz [[Carnegie Institution for Science\|Instituta Carnegie]] u [[Chichen Itza\|Chichen Itzi]] u martu 1932. Prema Lundellu, koji je otkrio grad "na majanskom 'ca' znači 'dva', 'lak' znači 'bliski', a 'mul' znači umjetno brdo ili piramida, pa je 'Calakmul' u stvari 'Grad dvije bliske piramide'." ==Napomene== {{reflist\|colwidth=30em}} == Literatura == {{refbegin\|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk () for bullet markers in the references list --> : {{cite book \|author={{aut\|Braswell, Geoffrey E.}} \|coauthors={{aut\|Gunn, Joel D.}}; {{aut\|Dominguez Carrasco, María del Rosario}}; {{aut\|Folan, William J.}}; {{aut\|Fletcher, Laraine A.}}; {{aut\|Morales López, Abel}} and {{aut\|Glascock, Michael D.}} \|year=2005 \|chapter=Defining the Terminal Classic at Calakmul, Campeche \|editor=Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) \|title=The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation \|location=Boulder \|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] \|pages=162–194\|isbn=0-87081-822-8 \|oclc=61719499}} :{{cite journal \|author={{aut\|Domínguez, María del Rosario}} \|coauthors=and {{aut\|William J. Folan}} \|year=1996 \|title=Calakmul, México: Aguadas, bajos, precipitación y asentamiento en el Petén Campechano. \|journal=IX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1995 (edited by J.P. Laporte and H. Escobedo) \|pages=147–173 \|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología \|location=Guatemala \|url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/11.95_-_Rosario.pdf \|format=versión digital \|accessdate=2009-11-15}} {{es icon}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Drew, David}} \|year=1999 \|title=The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings\|location=London \|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] \|isbn=0-297-81699-3 \|oclc=43401096}} :{{cite web \|author={{aut\|Fahsen, Federico}} \|year=2002 \|title=Rescuing the Origins of Dos Pilas Dynasty: A Salvage of Hieroglyphic Stairway #2, Structure L5-49 \|url=http://www.famsi.org/reports/01098/index.html \|work=The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI \|publisher=[[Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.\|Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)]] \|accessdate=2010-07-12}} :{{cite journal\|author={{aut\|Folan, William S.}} \|coauthors={{aut\|Joyce Marcus}}; {{aut\|Sophia Pincemin}}; {{aut\|Maria del Rosario Dominguez Carrasco}}; {{aut\|Loraine Fletcher}} and {{aut\|Abel Morales Lopez}} \|title=Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya Capitol in Campeche, Mexico \|journal=Latin American Antiquity \|volume=6 \|issue=4 \|year=1995a \|month=December \|pages=310–334 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/971834}} :{{cite journal\|author={{aut\|Folan, William J.}} \|coauthors={{aut\|Joyce Marcus}} and {{aut\|W. Frank Miller}} \|title=Verification of a Maya Settlement Model through Remote Sensing. \|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal \|volume=5 \|issue=2 \|pages=277–283 \|doi=10.1017/S0959774300015067 \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|year=1995b}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Hammond, Norman}} \|year=2000 \|chapter=The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes \|editor=Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.) \|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, {{nowrap\|Vol. II}}: Mesoamerica, {{nowrap\|part 1}} \|location=Cambridge, UK \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|pages=197–249\|isbn=0-521-35165-0 \|oclc=33359444}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Looper, Matthew G.}} \|year=2003 \|title=Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua \|series=Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies \|location=Austin \|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] \|isbn=0-292-70556-5\|oclc=52208614}} :{{citation\|author={{aut\|Martin, Simon}} \|authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist) \|title=Recently Uncovered Murals and Facades at Calakmul \|work=The Maya Mural Symposium \|month=October \|year=2005}} :{{cite book\|author={{aut\|Martin, Simon}} \|authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist)\|coauthors= and {{aut\|[[Nikolai Grube]]}} \|year=2000 \|title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya \|location=London and New York \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-05103-8 \|oclc=47358325}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Miller, Mary Ellen}} \|authorlink=Mary Miller \|year=1999 \|title=Maya Art and Architecture\|location=London and New York \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-20327-X \|oclc=41659173}} :{{cite journal \|author={{aut\|Reents-Budet, Dorie}} \|coauthors={{aut\|Antonia E. Foias}}; {{aut\|Ronald L. Bishop}}; {{aut\|M. James Blackman}} and {{aut\|Stanley Guenter}} \|year=2007 \|title=Interacciones políticas y el Sitio Ik’ (Motul de San José): Datos de la cerámica. \|url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf \|format=[[PDF]] online publication \|work=XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2006 (edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía)\|pages=1416–1436 \|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala \|accessdate=2010-07-15}} {{es icon}} :{{cite journal\|author={{aut\|Salisbury, David}} \|coauthors={{aut\|Mimi Koumenalis}}, and {{aut\|Barbara Moffett}} \|date=19 September 2002 \|title=Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world \|url=http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf \|format=[[PDF]] online publication \|journal=Exploration: the online research journal of Vanderbilt University \|publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] Office of Science and Research Communications \|location=Nashville, TN \|oclc=50324967\|accessdate=2009-09-22}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Schele, Linda}} \|authorlink=Linda Schele \|coauthors=and {{aut\|David Freidel}} \|year=1990 \|title=A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya \|location=New York \|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]] \|isbn=0-688-11204-8 \|oclc=24501607}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Sharer, Robert J.}} \|authorlink=Robert Sharer\|coauthors=with {{aut\|Loa P. Traxler}} \|year=2006 \|title=The Ancient Maya \|edition=6th (fully revised) \|location=Stanford, CA \|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] \|isbn=0-8047-4817-9 \|oclc=57577446}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Stuart, David}} \|authorlink=David Stuart (Mayanist) \|coauthors= and {{aut\|George Stuart}} \|year=2008 \|title=Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya \|location=London \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=978-0-500-05156-6\|oclc=227016561}} :{{cite book \|author={{aut\|Webster, David L.}} \|year=2002 \|title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse \|location=London \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-05113-5 \|oclc=48753878}} {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> == Eksterni linkovi == {{commons category}} [http://www.inah.gob.mx/calakmul/htme/calak001.html Calakmul - Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad] [[INAH]] site on Calakmul * [http://www.mayanroutes.com/calakmul.html Calakmul] (from ''The State of Campeche Book'') * [http://www.calakmul.org/ Friends of Calakmul] * [http://www.conanp.gob.mx/dcei/didact/CALAKMUL%20PA%20PDF.pdf Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, information from Mexico's National Parks Commission] * [http://www.mesoamerican-archives.com Virtual Walking Tour of Calakmul by David R. Hixson] (click on "Calakmul" for photo gallery) * Kaan Emblem Principal Glyphs at FAMSI: [http://research.famsi.org/montgomery_dictionary/mt_entry.php?id=1403 A], [http://research.famsi.org/montgomery_dictionary/mt_entry.php?id=1402 B] {{coord\|18.105392\|N\|89.810829\|W\|display=title}} [[Category:Mezoameričke piramide]] [[Category:Arheološka nalazišta u Meksiku]] [[Category:Svjetska baština]] [[be:Калакмуль]] [[br:Calakmul]] [[cy:Calakmul]] [[de:Calakmul]] [[en:Calakmul]] [[es:Calakmul]] [[eo:Kalakmulo]] [[eu:Calakmul]] [[fr:Calakmul]] [[it:Calakmul]] [[ka:კალაკმული]] [[lt:Kalakmulis]] [[hu:Calakmul]] [[mk:Калакмул]] [[nl:Calakmul (Mayastad)]] [[ja:カラクムル]] [[no:Calakmul]] [[pl:Calakmul]] [[pt:Calakmul]] [[qu:Calakmul]] [[ru:Калакмуль]] [[fi:Calakmul]] [[sv:Calakmul]] [[uk:Калакмул]] [[vi:Thành phổ cổ của người Maya ở Calakmul]] [[zh:卡拉克穆尔]]

Calakmul – razlika između verzija