Renesansa u Škotskoj – razlika između verzija

The '''RenaissanceRenesansa inu PolandPoljskoj''' ({{lang-pl|Renesans, Odrodzenie}}; literallydoslovno: the Rebirthpreporod) lastedtrajala fromje theod latekasnog 15th15. todo thekasnog late16. 16thvijeka centuryi andnaširoko isse widely considered to have been thesmatra [[Polishzlatno Goldendoba AgePoljske|Goldenzlatnim Agedobom]] of [[Polishkultura culturePoljske|poljske kulture]]. RuledPod by thevladavinom [[Jagiellonian dynasty]], the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] (fromod 1569. part of thedio [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) activelyaktivno participatedje insudjelovala theu broadširokoj Europeanevropskoj [[Renaissancerenesansa|renesansi]]. TheVišenacionalna multi-nationalpoljska Polishdržava stateprošla experiencedje akroz period ofkulturološkog culturalrasta growthdijelom thankszahvaljujući invijeku partbez tovelikih aratova century- withoutpored majorsukoba warsu –slabo asidenaseljenim fromistočnim conflictsi injužnim the sparsely populated eastern and southerngraničnim borderlandspodručjima. The [[Protestant Reformation|ReformationReformacija]] spreadse peacefullyproširila throughoutdržavom themirno countryi (givingdovela risedo to thenasanka [[Polish Brethren]]), whiledok livingsu conditionsse improved,uslovi citiesživota grewpoboljšali, andgradovi exportsrasli ofi agriculturalizvoz productspoljoprivrednih enrichedproizvoda theobogatio populationpopulaciju, especiallynaročito the nobilityvlastelu (''[[szlachta]]'') whokoja gainedje dominancedominirala innovim thepolitičkim new political system ofsistemom [[Golden Liberty]].

== OverviewPregled ==

The [[RenaissanceRenesansa|Renesansni]] movementpokret, whosečiji influenceje originatedutjecaj inpotekao iz [[Italyitalija|Italije]], spreadproširio throughoutse PolandPoljskom roughlyotprilike inu the15. 15thi and 16th16. centuryvijeku. ManyMnogi Italiantalijanski artistsumjetnici arriveddošli insu theu countrytu welcomeddržavu byuz Polishdobrodošlicu royaltypoljskih plemića, includingmeđu kojima su bili [[Francesco Fiorentino]], [[Bartholommeo Berecci]], [[Santi Gucci]], [[Mateo Gucci]], [[Bernardo Morando]], [[Giovanni Battista di Quadro]] andi othersostali, includingkao thinkersi andmislioci educatorsi suchučitelji aspoput [[Filip Callimachus|Filipa Callimachusa]], merchantstrgovci suchpoput as theporodica Boner family and thei Montelupi family,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=88093|title = Montelupi |work = encyklopedia.interia.pl |publisher = |pages = |page = |date = |accessdate = 2010-08-14|language=pl}}</ref> te andostale otheristaknute prominentličnosti personalitieskoje whosu immigratedse todoselile Polandu sincePoljsku theod latekasnog 15th15. centuryvijeka inu searchpotrazi ofza newnovim opportunitiesprilikama. MostVećina ofih themse settlednaselila inu [[Kraków]]u, theglavnim Polishgradom capitalPoljske untildo 1611. godine.

TheRenesansne Renaissancevrijednosti valuesplemenitosti ofčovjeka thei dignity of man and power ofmoći hisnjegovog reasonrazuma werepodržane applaudedsu inu PolandPoljskoj.<ref name=mik_cul>[[Michael J. Mikoś]], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-89357-257-0}} [http://staropolska.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/Cultural_r.html Cultural Background]</ref> ManyMnoga worksdjela wereprevođena translatedsu intona Polishpoljski andi Latinlatinski fromsa classicalklasičnog [[Latinlatinski jezik|latinskog]], [[Greekgrčki languagejezik|Greekgrčkog]] andi [[Hebrewhebrejski jezik|hebrejskog]], askao welli assavremenih contemporaryjezika languages likepoput [[Italianitalijanski languagejezik|Italianitalijanskog]].<ref name=mik_cul/> The [[Cracow Academy]], onejedan ofod thenajstarijih world'suniverziteta oldestna universitiessvijetu, enjoyedprošao itsje Goldenkroz Erasvoje betweenzlatno doba između 1500. andi 1535, with. 3godine,215 studentssa graduating3215 instudenata thekoji firstsu decadediplomirali ofu theprvoj 16thdeceniji 16. centuryvijeka – arekord recordkoji notnije surpassedprevaziđen untildo thekasnog late 18th18. centuryvijeka.<ref name=mik_cul/> ThePeriod periodpoljske ofrenesanse, Polishu Renaissance,kojem supportivesu ofintelektualne intellectualtežnje pursuitspodržavane, producedstvorio je manymnoge outstandingizvanredne artistsumjetnike andi scientistsnaučnike. AmongMeđu themnjima werebili su [[NicolausNikola CopernicusKopernik]], whokoji inje hisu svojem djelu ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'' presented thepredstavio [[heliocentrismheliocentrizam|heliocentricheliocentričku]] theoryteoriju of the universesvemira, [[Maciej of Miechów]], author ofautor ''Tractatus de duabus Sarmatis...'' – thedo mosttada accurate up to datenajtačnijeg [[geographygeografija|geographicalgeografskog]] andi [[ethnographyetnografija|ethnographicaletnografskog]] account ofprikaza [[EasternIstočna Evropa|Istočne EuropeEvrope]]; [[Bernard Wapowski]], a [[cartographerkartografija|kartograf]] whosečije mapssu ofse thatkarte regionte appearedregije inpojavile u [[PtolemyPtolomej]]'sevoj ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|GeographyGeografiji]]''; [[Marcin Kromer]] whokoji inje hisu ''De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri...'' describedopisao both thei [[history ofhistorija PolandPoljske|historyhistoriju]] andi [[geographygeografija ofPoljske|geografiju PolandPoljske]]; [[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski]], afilozof philosopherkoji concerned withbavio [[governance]]; [[Mikołaj Rej]] whokoji hasje popularizedpopularizirao the use ofupotrebu [[Polishpoljski jezik|poljskog languagejezika]] inu poetrypoeziji; andi [[Jan Kochanowski]], whosečije poemssu inga Polishpjesme languagena elevatedpoljskom himjeziku to the ranks ofuzdigle theu mostrang prominentnajistaknutijih [[Slavsslaveni|Slavicslavenskih]] poetspjesnika.<ref name=mik_cul/><ref name=mik_lit>[[Michael J. Mikoś]], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-89357-257-0}} [http://staropolska.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/Literary_r.html Literary Background]</ref>

YoungMladi PolesPoljaci, especiallynaročito sonsvlastelinski of nobilitysinovi ([[szlachta]]), whokoji graduatedsu fromdiplomirali anyna onebilo ofkojoj overod 2,500preko 2500 [[parish]] schoolsškola, [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasiumsgimnazija]] andi severalnekoliko academiesakademija ([[Cracow Academy]], [[Wilno Academy]], [[Zamość Academy]]), oftenčesto traveledsu abroadputovali tou inostranstvo kako bi completezavršili theirsvoje educationobrazovanje.<ref name=mik_cul/> PolishPoljski thinkersmislioci, likekao što su Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, [[Johannes Dantiscus]] orili [[Jan Łaski]], maintainedodržavali contactssu withkontakt leadingsa Europeanvodećim philosophersevropskim of thefilozofima Renaissancerenesanse, such aspoput [[Thomas More|Thomasa Morea]], [[ErasmusErazmo Roterdamski|Erazmom]] andi [[Philip Melanchthon|Philipom Melanchthonom]].<ref name=mik_cul/> PolandPoljska notnije onlysamo partooksudjelovala inu therazmjeni exchangeglavnih ofkulturoloških majori culturalnaučnih andideja scientifici ideasrazvoja andZapadne developmentsEvrope, ofveć Westernje Europe,i but also spreadproširila [[Westernzapadna culturekultura|WesternZapadno heritagenaslijeđe]] eastwardsistočno amongmeđu [[East Slavic peoples|East Slavicistočnoslavenskim]] nationsnacijama.<ref name=mik_cul/><ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen J. Lee|title=Peter the Great |year=1993 |page=65|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0-415-09279-5|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref> ForNa exampleprimjer, proces [[printingštampanje|štampanja]] process, [[Latinlatinski languagejezik]] andi artumjetnost withsa theslogovnim syllabicpjesništvom versification inu [[poetrypoezija|poeziji]],<ref name=mik_cul/><ref>{{cite book |author=Nicholas Rzhevsky|title=The Cambridge Companion to modern Russian culture|year=1998 |page=34|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location= |isbn=0-521-47799-9|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Elaine Rusinko|title=Straddling borders: literature and identity in Subcarpathian Rus|year=2003|page=74|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=University of Toronto Press|location= |isbn=0-8020-3711-9|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref> especiallynaročito inu [[Belarusbjelorusija|Bjelorusiji]] andi [[Ukraineukrajina|Ukrajini]] (throughkroz [[Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]),<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aleksandr Kamenskiĭ |author2=David Mark Griffiths |title=36|year=1997|editor=David Mark Griffiths |page=36|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location= |isbn=1-56324-575-2|url=|format= |accessdate=}}</ref> fromodakle wherese itprenosila was transmitted tou [[Russiarusija|Rusiju]] ([[Duchy of Moscow]]),<ref name=mik_cul/> whichkoja beganje topočela increasepovećavati itssvoje tiesveze withsa westernzapadnom EuropeEvropom inkao the aftermath of theposljedica [[Mongol invasion of Rus]].<ref>{{cite web|author = Gerhard Rempel|url = http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/07tartar.html|title = The Tartar yoke|work = mars.wnec.edu|publisher = |pages = |page = |date = |accessdate = 2010-08-14|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230346/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/07tartar.html|archivedate = 2007-09-30|df = }}</ref> ThePrve firstčetiri four printedštampane [[Cyrillicćirilica|ćirilične]] booksknjige inna thesvijetu worldobjavljene weresu publishedu in Kraków, inKrakówu 1491,. byod printerstrane SzwajpoltSzwajpolta FiolFiola.<ref name=mik_lit/>