Galanin
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Galanin je neuropeptid kodiran GAL genom,[2] koji je široko izražen u mozgu, kičmenoj moždini, i stomaku ljudi, kao i drugih sisara. Galaninska signalizacija se odvija kroz tri G protein spregnuta receptora.[3]
| Galanin | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifikatori | |||||||||||
| Simboli | GAL; GALN; GLNN; MGC40167 | ||||||||||
| Vanjski ID | OMIM: 137035 MGI: 95637 HomoloGene: 7724 GeneCards: GAL Gene | ||||||||||
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| Pregled RNK izražavanja | |||||||||||
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| podaci | |||||||||||
| Ortolozi | |||||||||||
| Vrsta | Čovek | Miš | |||||||||
| Entrez | 51083 | 14419 | |||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000069482 | ENSMUSG00000024907 | |||||||||
| UniProt | P22466 | Q3V002 | |||||||||
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_015973 | NM_010253 | |||||||||
| RefSeq (protein) | NP_057057 | NP_034383 | |||||||||
| Lokacija (UCSC) | Chr 11: 68.21 - 68.22 Mb | Chr 19: 3.41 - 3.41 Mb | |||||||||
| PubMed pretraga | [1] | [2] | |||||||||
| Klinički podaci | |
|---|---|
| Identifikatori | |
| ATC kod | nije dodeljen |
| ChEMBL[1] | CHEMBL501079 
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| Hemijski podaci | |
| Formula | C146H213N43O40 |
| Mol. masa | 3210.5 |
| Farmakoinformacioni podaci | |
| Trudnoća | ? |
| Pravni status | |
Funkcionalna uloga galanina, kao i mnogih drugih neuropeptida, je velikim delom nepoznata. Galanin predominatno učestvuje u modulaciji i inhibiciji akcionog potencijala neurona. Smatra se da galanin ima mnoštvo bioloških funkcija, među kojima su: nocicepcija, regulacija buđenja i sna, kognicija, ishrana, regulacija raspoloženja, regulacija krvnog pritiska, on takođe učestvuje u razvoju i dejstvu faktora rasta.[4] Galanin je vezan za više bolesti kao što su Alchajmerova bolest, epilepsija, depresija, poremećaj ishrane i rak.[5][6] Smatra se da galanin ima neuroprotektivno dejstvo jer je njegova biosinteza povećana 2-10 puta nakon aksotomije u perifernom nervnom sistemu, kao i tokom moždanog napada.[3]
Struktura
uredi| Vrste | 1 | 6 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 26 ! |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Svinja | G W T L N | S A G Y L | L G P H A | I D N H R | S F H D K | Y G L A * |
| Čovek | G W T L N | S A G Y L | L G P H A | V G N H R | S F S D K | N G L T S ** |
| Krava | G W T L N | S A G Y L | L G P H A | L D S H R | S F Q D K | H G L A * |
| Pacov | G W T L N | S A G Y L | L G P H A | I D N H R | S F S D K | H G L T* |
| * C-terminalni amid ** C-terminalna slobodna kiselina | ||||||
Galanin je peptid koji se sastoji od lanca sa 29 aminokiselina (30 aminokiselina kod ljudi) nastalog presecanjem 123-aminokiselina dugačkog proteina poznatog kao preprogalanin, koji je kodiran GAL genom.[2] Sekvenca ovog gena je visoko očuvana među sisarima. Postoji preko 85% homologije između sekvenci pacova, miša, svinje, krave, i čoveka.[7] U ovim životinjskim formama, prvih 15 aminokiselina sa N-terminusa su identične. Razlike postoje na nekoliko pozicija na C-terminalnom kraju proteina.
Literatura
uredi- ↑ Gaulton A, Bellis LJ, Bento AP, Chambers J, Davies M, Hersey A, Light Y, McGlinchey S, Michalovich D, Al-Lazikani B, Overington JP. (2012). „ChEMBL: a large-scale bioactivity database for drug discovery”. Nucleic Acids Res 40 (Database issue): D1100-7. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr777. PMID 21948594.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Evans H, Baumgartner M, Shine J, Herzog H (December 1993). „Genomic organization and localization of the gene encoding human preprogalanin”. Genomics 18 (3): 473–7. PMID 7508413.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Mitsukawa K, Lu X, Bartfai T (June 2008). „Galanin, galanin receptors and drug targets”. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65 (12): 1796–805. DOI:10.1007/s00018-008-8153-8. PMID 18500647.
- ↑ Mazarati A, Lu X, Shinmei S, Badie-Mahdavi H, Bartfai T (2004). „Patterns of seizures, hippocampal injury and neurogenesis in three models of status epilepticus in galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1) knockout mice”. Neuroscience 128 (2): 431–41. DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.052. PMC 1360211. PMID 15350653.
- ↑ Lundström L, Elmquist A, Bartfai T, Langel U (2005). „Galanin and its receptors in neurological disorders”. Neuromolecular Med. 7 (1-2): 157–80. DOI:10.1385/NMM:7:1-2:157. PMID 16052044.
- ↑ Berger A, Santic R, Hauser-Kronberger C, Schilling FH, Kogner P, Ratschek M, Gamper A, Jones N, Sperl W, Kofler B (June 2005). „Galanin and galanin receptors in human cancers”. Neuropeptides 39 (3): 353–9. DOI:10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.016. PMID 15944034.
- ↑ Bartfai, T., (2000). „Galanin – A neuropeptide with important central nervous system actions”. Pristupljeno November 19, 2009.
Dodatna literatura
uredi- Vrontakis ME (2003). „Galanin: a biologically active peptide.”. Current drug targets. CNS and neurological disorders 1 (6): 531–41. DOI:10.2174/1568007023338914. PMID 12769595.
- Mufson EJ, Counts SE, Perez SE, Binder L (2005). „Galanin plasticity in the cholinergic basal forebrain in Alzheimer's disease and transgenic mice.”. Neuropeptides 39 (3): 233–7. DOI:10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.005. PMID 15893372.
- Robinson JK, Bartfai T, Langel U (2006). „Galanin/GALP receptors and CNS homeostatic processes.”. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets 5 (3): 327–34. DOI:10.2174/187152706777452281. PMID 16787232.
- McKnight GL, Karlsen AE, Kowalyk S, et al. (1992). „Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN cells.”. Diabetes 41 (1): 82–7. DOI:10.2337/diabetes.41.1.82. PMID 1370155.
- Gai WP, Geffen LB, Blessing WW (1990). „Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons.”. J. Comp. Neurol. 298 (3): 265–80. DOI:10.1002/cne.902980302. PMID 1698834.
- Burleigh DE, Furness JB (1991). „Distribution and actions of galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the human colon.”. Neuropeptides 16 (2): 77–82. DOI:10.1016/0143-4179(90)90115-F. PMID 1701228.
- Fried G, Meister B, Rådestad A (1991). „Peptide-containing nerves in the human pregnant uterine cervix: an immunohistochemical study exploring the effect of RU 486 (mifepristone).”. Hum. Reprod. 5 (7): 870–6. PMID 1702449.
- Hyde JF, Engle MG, Maley BE (1991). „Colocalization of galanin and prolactin within secretory granules of anterior pituitary cells in estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rats.”. Endocrinology 129 (1): 270–6. DOI:10.1210/endo-129-1-270. PMID 1711463.
- Bennet WM, Hill SF, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (1991). „Galanin in the normal human pituitary and brain and in pituitary adenomas.”. J. Endocrinol. 130 (3): 463–7. DOI:10.1677/joe.0.1300463. PMID 1719117.
- Schmidt WE, Kratzin H, Eckart K, et al. (1992). „Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a 30-residue nonamidated neuropeptide.”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (24): 11435–9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11435. PMC 53150. PMID 1722333.
- Bauer FE, Christofides ND, Hacker GW, et al. (1986). „Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the genitourinary tract of man and rat.”. Peptides 7 (1): 5–10. DOI:10.1016/0196-9781(86)90052-5. PMID 2423990.
- Bauer FE, Adrian TE, Christofides ND, et al. (1986). „Distribution and molecular heterogeneity of galanin in human, pig, guinea pig, and rat gastrointestinal tracts.”. Gastroenterology 91 (4): 877–83. PMID 2427385.
- Tainio H, Vaalasti A, Rechardt L (1987). „The distribution of substance P-, CGRP-, galanin- and ANP-like immunoreactive nerves in human sweat glands.”. Histochem. J. 19 (6-7): 375–80. DOI:10.1007/BF01680455. PMID 2444569.
- Maggi CA, Santicioli P, Patacchini R, et al. (1988). „Galanin: a potent modulator of excitatory neurotransmission in the human urinary bladder.”. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 143 (1): 135–7. DOI:10.1016/0014-2999(87)90744-8. PMID 2446889.
- Marti E, Gibson SJ, Polak JM, et al. (1988). „Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin.”. J. Comp. Neurol. 266 (3): 332–59. DOI:10.1002/cne.902660304. PMID 2447134.
- Beal MF, Clevens RA, Chattha GK, et al. (1988). „Galanin-like immunoreactivity is unchanged in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia cerebral cortex.”. J. Neurochem. 51 (6): 1935–41. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01181.x. PMID 2460590.
- Berrettini WH, Kaye WH, Sunderland T, et al. (1989). „Galanin immunoreactivity in human CSF: studies in eating disorders and Alzheimer's disease.”. Neuropsychobiology 19 (2): 64–8. DOI:10.1159/000118436. PMID 2465504.
