Isaac Newton – razlika između verzija

Uklonjeni sadržaj Dodani sadržaj
m Vraćene izmjene 24.135.227.41 (razgovor) na posljednju izmjenu korisnika 178.221.65.127
oznaka: vraćanje
Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8
Red 24:
Njegova studija ''[[Matematički principi prirodne filozofije]]'' ({{Jez-lat|Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica}}), objavljena 1687, koja opisuje [[Njutnov zakon gravitacije|univerzalnu gravitaciju]] i tri [[Njutnovi zakoni|zakona kretanja]], postavila je temelje klasične (Njutnove) mehanike i poslužila kao primer za nastanak i razvoj drugih modernih fizičkih teorija. Izvodeći iz ovog svog sistema Keplerove zakone kretanja planeta, on je bio prvi koji je pokazao da se kretanja tela na Zemlji i kretanja nebeskih tela potčinjavaju istim fizičkim zakonima. Ujedinjujuća i deterministička moć njegovih zakona dovela je do revolucije u nauci i do daljeg napretka i uzdizanja heliocentrizma.
 
U mehanici, Njutn je takođe ukazao na jedan novi, veliki, značaj principa održanja impulsa i momenta impulsa. U optici, on je napravio prvi praktični refleksioni (ogledalski) teleskop<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etoile.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html |title=The Early Period (1608–1672) |accessdate = 3. 2. 2009. |publisher=James R. Graham's Home Page }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> i otkrio da se propuštanjem bele svetlosti kroz staklenu prizmu ona razlaže u spektar svih boja (u skladu sa tvrđenjem Rodžera Bejkona iz 13. veka). Njutn se snažno zalagao u prilog čestične prirode svetlosti. On je takođe formulisao empirijski zakon hlađenja, proučavao brzinu zvuka i predložio teoriju o poreklu zvezda. U matematici, Njutn deli zasluge sa [[Gotfrid Lajbnic|Gotfridom Lajbnicom]] za otkriće [[Kalkulus|infinitezimalnog računa]]. On je takođe izložio i uopštenu binomsku teoremu, razvijajući na taj način tzv. „Njutnov metod“ za aproksimacije nula funkcije i doprinoseći proučavanjima razlaganja funkcija u redove.
 
Francuski matematičar [[Žozef Luj Lagranž]] često je izjavljivao da je Njutn najveći genije koji je ikada živeo, dodajući jednom da je on, takođe, i „najsrećniji, jer se sistem sveta ne može otkriti i ustanoviti više nego jednoga puta“. Engleski pesnik [[Aleksandar Poup]], dirnut Njutnovim postignućima, napisao je čuveni epitaf:
Red 162:
* {{cite book | last = Bell | first = E.T. | title = Men of Mathematics | location = New York | publisher = Simon and Schuster | year = 1937 | isbn = 0-671-46400-0 }} [http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/Math/Newton.html Excerpt]
* {{cite book | last = Christianson | first = Gale | title = In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & his times | location = New York | publisher = Free Press | year = 1984 | isbn = 0-02-905190-8 }} This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of [[Patristics]]
* {{cite web | url = http://www.wamu.org/audio/dr/03/06/r2030613.ram | title = interview with James Gleick: "Isaac Newton" (Pantheon) | work = WAMU's The Diane Rehm Show Friday, June 13, 2003 (RealAudio stream) | accessdate = March 8 2005 | archivedate = 2005-04-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050416233418/http://www.wamu.org/audio/dr/03/06/r2030613.ram | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Newton.html | title = Sir Isaac Newton | work = School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland | accessdate = March 8 2005 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk/ | title = The Newton Project | work = Imperial College London | accessdate = March 8 2005 | archivedate = 2004-06-04 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040604020936/http://www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk/ | deadurl = yes }}
* {{Cite book | last = Westfall | first = Richard S. | title = Never at Rest | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1980, 1998 | isbn = 0-521-27435-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Craig | first=John | chapter = Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters | title = Notes and Records of the Royal Society (18) | location= London | publisher=The Royal Society | year = 1963 |ref=harv}}
Red 191:
* [http://images.google.com/images?q=Isaac+Newton Još portreta Isaka Njutna]
* {{gutenberg author|id=Isaac_Newton|name=Isaac Newton}}
* [http://www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk/ Newton Research Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604020936/http://www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk/ |date=2004-06-04 }}
* [http://burndy.mit.edu/Collections/Babson/Online/Principia/ PDF of Newton's Principia: 1687, 1713, and 1726 editions]
* [http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#newton Newton's Principia - read and search]
* [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Newton.html Portraits of Isaac Newton]
* [http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95dec/newton.html Sir Isaac Newton Scientist and Mathematician] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224105444/http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95dec/newton.html |date=2006-12-24 }}
* [http://www.skepticreport.com/astrology/newton.htm Rebuttal of Newton's astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050701084845/http://www.skepticreport.com/astrology/newton.htm |date=2005-07-01 }}
* [http://www.galilean-library.org/snobelen.html Newton's Religious Views Reconsidered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014559/http://www.galilean-library.org/snobelen.html |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.huntington.org/LibraryDiv/Newton/Newtonexhibit.htm March 5-June 12, 2005 Isaac Newton's personal copy of Principia at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224516/http://www.huntington.org/LibraryDiv/Newton/Newtonexhibit.htm |date=2007-09-26 }} [[Huntington Library]]
* [http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1701-25-mint-reports.html Newton's Royal Mint Reports]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/ Newton's Dark Secrets] [[Nova (TV series)|NOVA]] TV programme.
Red 204:
* [http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC051308/index.htm Newton's Castle] Educational material
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/newton The Chymistry of Isaac Newton] Research on his Alchemical writings
* [http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/ The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308031745/http://newton.cam.ac.uk/ |date=2018-03-08 }}
* [http://www.new-science-theory.com/isaac-newton.html Isaac Newton's black-box science theory]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Isaac Newton on £1 note.]
* [http://www.fmalive.com FMA Live! Cool program for teaching Newton's laws to kids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142826/http://www.fmalive.com/ |date=2016-04-02 }}
* [http://www.adherents.com/people/pn/Isaac_Newton.html Newton's religious position]