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'''Engleski jezik''' je [[zapadnogermanski jezici|zapadnogermanski jezik]] koji potiče iz [[Engleska|Engleske]] a takođe se koristi kao maternji jezik u drugim državama [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva]] - [[Škotska|Škotskoj]], [[Vels]]u, i [[Severna Irska|Severnoj Irskoj]], u [[Republika Irska|Republici Irskoj]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]], [[Kanada|Kanadi]], [[Australija|Australiji]], [[Novi Zeland|Novom Zelandu]], [[Južnoafrička Republika|Južnoj Africi]], i brojnim drugim zemljama. Engleski je trenutno četvrti najrasprostranjeniji [[maternji jezik]] na svetu (posle [[kineski jezik|kineskog]], [[španski jezik|španskog]] i [[hindi|hindua]]), sa nekih 380 miliona govornika.
'''Engleski jezik''' (''English'') je [[indoevropski jezici|indoevropski jezik]].
 
Ima status ''[[lingva franka]]'' u mnogim delovima sveta, usled vojnog ekonomskog, naučnog, političkog i kulturnog uticaja [[Britanska imperija|Britanske Imperije]] u [[18. vek|18.]] i [[19. vek]]u i još jačeg globalnog uticaja Sjedinjenih Američkih Država tokom 20. veka. Zbog globalnog uticaja engleskog u svetu [[nauka|nauke]], [[umetnost]]i, [[televizija|televizije]] i na [[Internet]]u u poslednjim decenijama, engleski je danas najrasprostranjeniji jezik koji se uči kao [[drugi jezik]] na svetu. Od mnogih učenika širom sveta se zahteva da uče engleski, a znanje engleskog jezika je korisno ili čak neophodno za mnoga zanimanja.
== Historija i širenje engleskog jezika ==
Engleski jezik je nastao iz jezika germanskih plemena koja su se u kasnom starom vijeku naselila na jugoistoku otoka [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Velike Britanije]]. S razvojem kolonijalnog carstva Engleske, u područjima koja je kolonizirala njen je jezik postajao dominantan, a često i službeni. U [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] na saveznoj razini ne postoji službeni jezik, ali ''de facto'' službeni jezik je engleski. U [[Kanada|Kanadi]] se, osim u [[Quebec]]u gdje je dominantniji [[francuski jezik|francuski]], također govori engleski. Jezici indijanskih plemena koja su živjela u Sjevernoj Americi su skoro izumrli, kako su dotična plemena raseljena u rezervate i pri tome bitno reducirana, a praktično svi njihovi pripadnici asimilirani u današnju civilizaciju.
 
== Istorija ==
Sličan proces zbivao se za vrijeme kolonizacije [[Južna Afrika|Južnoafričke Republike]], [[Australija|Australije]] te [[Novi Zeland|Novog Zelanda]], s istim posljedicama.
{{Glavni članak|Istorija engleskog jezika}}
'''Engleski''' je [[zapadnogermanski jezik]] koji potiče od jezika koje su u prvoj polovini prvog milenijuma u [[Britanija (provincija)|Britaniju]] doneli [[germani|germanski doseljenici]] iz raznih delova severozapadne Nemačke. Među ovim plemenima su bili [[Frizijci]], [[Angli]], [[Sasi]] i [[Jiti]]. Prvobitni germanski jezik je zatim primio uticaje od dva talasa invazije. Prvo od strane govornika jezika skandinavske grane germanske familije, koji su kolonizovali delove Britanije u osmom i devetom veku. Drugi talas su činili [[Normani]] u 11. veku, koji su govorili varijetet francuskog. Ove dve invazije su engleski učinili visoko „kreolizovanim“; kreolizacija nastaje od kohabitacije govornika različitih jezika, koji razvijaju hibridni jezik za osnovnu komunikaciju. Kohabitacija sa Skandinavcima je uslovila značajno gramatičko pojednostavljivanje i leksičko obogaćivanje anglo-frizijskog jezgra engleskog; kasnija normanska okupacija je dovela do kalemljenja razrađenijeg sloja reči iz romanske grane evropskih jezika na germansko jezgro; ovaj novi sloj je ušao u engleski kroz korišćenje na sudovima i u vlasti. Stoga se engleski razvio u 'pozajmljivački' jezik značajne gipkosti i ogromnog fonda reči.
 
Prema ''[[Anglo-saksonski letopis|Anglo-saksonskom letopisu]]'', približno oko [[449]] godine, [[Vortigern]], kralj [[Britanska ostrva|Britanskih ostrva]], pozvao je „Anglikansku lozu“ (Angli, predvođeni [[Hengst]]om i [[Hors]]om) kako bi mu pomogli u odbrani od [[Pikti|Pikta]]. Zauzvrat, Anglima je bilo zagarantovano zemljište na jugoistoku. Dodatna pomoć je tražena, i u pomoć došli su Saksi, Angli i Juti. Letopisi takođe pišu o daljem naseljavanju kolonistima koji su vremenom uspostavili sedam kraljevina: Nortumbrija, Mercia, Istočna Anglia, Kent, Eseks, Suseks i Veseks. Moderna učenja prihvataju ovu priču kao legendarnu i politički obojenu.
 
Ovi germanski osvajači dominirali su nad izvornim keltsko-govorećim stanovništvom, čiji su jezici preživeli u [[Škotska|Škotskoj]], [[Vels]]u, [[Korneval]]u i [[Irska|Irskoj]]. Dijalekti upotrebljavani od strane osvajača sačinili su akcenat kasnije poznat kao [[anglosaksonski jezik|staroengleski]], koji podsećaju na pojedine priobalne dijalekte u današnjoj Holandiji i severozapadnoj Nemačkoj. Kasnije, dijalekat je potpao pod strogi uticaj severnogermanskog jezika nors, upotrebljavnim od strane [[Vikinzi|Vikinga]], koji su mahom naselili severoistočni deo ostrva (videti [[Jorvik]]). Novi i stari naseljenici pričali su jezicima sa suprotstavljenih grana Germanske porodice. Veliki broj reči delili su leksikološke korene ili su bile slične, dok im je gramatika bila udaljenija, uključujući prefikse, sufikse i izgovor značajnog broja reči. Usled sličnosti i raznolikosti jezika, neminovna je bila [[kreoli]]zacija jezika, koja je usledila, izostavljanjem većeg dela gramatike staroengleskog, uključujući rodove i padeže, sa izuzetkom zamenica, čime je jezik postao znatno prostiji i jednostavniji. Najpoznatije delo iz staroengleskog perioda je epska poema [[Beovulf]], od strane nepoznatog autora.
 
U periodu od 300 godina nakon Normanskih osvajanja [[1066]]. godine, normanski kraljevi i plemstvo govorili su varijantom [[francuski jezik|francuskog]]. Veliki broj Normanskih reči asimiliran je u Stari engleski, rezultujući dupliranjem staroengleskih reči (pr. ''ox/beef'', ''sheep/mutton''). Normanski uticaj ojačao je kontinualnu evoluciju jezika tokom narednih vekova, rezultujući danas poznatim [[Srednji engleski|Srednjim Engleskim]]. Među izmenama bilo je širenje upotrebe unikatnog aspekta Engleske gramatike, tj. 'kontinualnog' vremena, dodajući sufiks '-ing'. Tokom 15. og veka, Srednji engleski dalje je promenjen usled ''Velike samoglasničke promene'', širenja standardizovanog Londonskog dijalekta u vladi i administraciji, i standardizovanja štampanja. [[Moderni engleski]] se može pratiti nazad do doba [[Vilijam Šekspir|Vilijama Šekspira]]. Najpoznatije delo iz doba Srednje Engleske su ''Priče iz Kanterberija'' DŽefrija Čosera.
 
== Klasifikacija i srodni jezici ==
Engleski jezik pripada zapadnoj pod-grani [[germanski jezici|germanske grane]] [[indoevropski jezici|indo-evropske]] porodice jezika. Najbliži živi srodni jezik Engleskom jeste [[Škotski gelski jezik|Skots (Lalans)]], jedan Zapadno-Germanski jezik koji se govori u većem delu Škotske i delovima [[Severna Irska|Severne Irske]]. Poput Engleskog, škotski je direktan izdanak Starog Engleskog, takođe poznatog kao Anglo-Saksonski.
 
Nakon Skotsa, sledeći najbliži srodni jezici su frizijski (upotrebljavan u [[Holandija|Holandiji]] i [[Nemačka|Nemačkoj]]), i niskosaksonski, primarno upotrebljavan u severnoj Nemačkoj. Drugi manje srodni živi jezici uključuju [[holandski jezik|holandski]], [[afrikans]], [[nemački jezik|nemački]] i [[Severno-germanski jezici|skandinavske jezike]]. Veliki broj francuskih reči razumljivi su engleskom govorniku (izgovori, doduše, nisu uvek identični), jer je engleski prihvatio ogromnu količinu jezičkog blaga [[normanski jezik|normanskog jezika]] nakon [[Normanska osvajanja|normanskih osvajanja]], i od francuskog u budućim stolećima; kao rezultat, značajan deo engleskog jezičkog blaga je dosta sličan francuskom, uz manje razlike u pravopisu (završetak reči, upotreba starog francuskog pravopisa, i sl.), kao i povremene razlike u značenju reči.
 
== Geografska rasprostranjenost ==
Engleski je najrasprostranjeniji jezik sveta danas; ukupno 600-700 miliona ljudi upotrebljava engleski redovno. Oko 377 miliona ljudi koristi engleski kao svoj maternji jezik, a podjednak broj ljudi koristi ga kao svoj drugi strani jezik. U širokoj je upotrebi u javnoj i privatnoj sferi u više od 100 zemalja širom sveta. Osim toga, engleski je zauzeo primarno mesto u međunarodnim, akademskim i poslovnim krugovima. Trenutni status engleskog jezika se upoređuje sa položajem latinskog u prošlosti.
 
Engleski je zvanični jezik sledećim zemljama: [[Australija]] (australijski engleski), [[Bahame|Bahami]], [[Barbados]] (karipski engleski), [[Bermudi|Bermuda]], [[Dominika]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Grenada]], [[Gvajana]], [[Jamajka]] (jamajčanski engleski), [[Novi Zeland]], [[Antigva i Barbuda]], [[Sveta Lucija]], [[Sent Kits i Nevis|Sveti Kits i Nevis]], [[Trinidad i Tobago]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Velika Britanija]] (britanski engleski), [[Američka Devičanska Ostrva]] i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] (američki engleski).
 
Engleski je takođe jedan od primarnih jezika u sledećim državama: [[Belize]] (sa [[španski jezik|španskim jezikom]]), [[Kanada]] (sa [[francuski jezik|francuskim jezikom]]), [[Indija]] (sa [[hindi]] i ostalim 21 zvaničnim jezikom), [[Irska]], [[Singapur]], [[Filipini]] (sa Filipinskim jezikom), i [[Južnoafrička Republika]] (sa 10 drugih jezika uključujući i [[Zulu jezik|jezik zulu]]).
 
U [[Hongkong]]u engleski je zvanični jezik i ima široku primenu u poslovnim aktivnostima. Počinje da se uči još u obdaništu. U nekim osnovnim školama časovi se održavaju na engleskom, u većini srednjih škola takođe a na fakultetima su sva predavanja na engleskom. Velikom broju studenata engleski je [[maternji jezik]]. On se toliko koristi da je neadekvatno reći da je engleski drugi ili [[strani jezik]] u Hongkongu, mada još uvek ima dosta ljudi koji imaju veoma malo znanje engleskog ili čak nikakvo.
 
Većina Englesko-govorećeg stanovništva (67 do 70 od sto) živi u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Državama]]. Pored toga što Federalna uprava SAD nema zvanični jezik, proglašen je zvaničnim u 27 od 50 država, od kojih je većina engleski proglasila njihovim jedinim zvaničnim jezikom. [[Havaji]], [[Luizijana]] i [[Novi Meksiko]] takođe imaju imenovano [[Havajski jezik|havajski]], [[Francuski jezik|francuski]] i [[Španski jezik|španski]] kao zvanične jezike u konjunkciji sa engleskim.
 
U velikom broju zemalja gde engleski nije većinski primarni jezik, zvanični je jezik; ove zemlje uključuju: [[Kamerun]], [[Fidži]], [[Savezne Države Mikronezije|Federalne Države Mikronezije]], [[Gana]], [[Gambija]], [[Kiribati]], [[Lesoto]], [[Liberija]], [[Kenija]], [[Namibija]], [[Nigerija]], [[Malta]], [[Maršalska Ostrva]], [[Pakistan]], [[Papua Nova Gvineja]], Filipini, [[Ruanda]], [[Solomonova Ostrva|Solomonska Ostrva]], [[Samoa]], [[Sijera Leone]], [[Svazilend]], [[Tanzanija]], [[Zambija]] i [[Zimbabve]].
 
Engleski je najšire učeni i upotrebljavani jezik na svetu, i, zbog toga, veliki broj lingvista veruju da više nije ekskluzivni kulturni amblem „domaćih Engleskih govornika“, već da je jezik koji prihvata razne kulturalne aspekte širom sveta, kako raste njegova upotreba. Drugi veruju da postoji granica dokle engleski može da zadovoljava komunikativne potrebe. Engleski jezik se najviše izučava kao strani u [[Evropa|Evropi]] (32.6 od sto), zatim sledi francuski, nemački i španski. Takođe je najizučavaniji jezik u [[Japan]]u, [[Južna Koreja|Južnoj Koreji]] i [[Kina|Narodoj Republici Kini]] ([[Tajvan]]), gde je obavezan u većini srednjih škola. Videti [[engleski kao dodatni jezik]].
 
=== Engleski kao globalni jezik ===
Zbog svoje široke govorne rasprostranjenosti, engleski se često naziva [[globalni jezik|„globalni jezik“]]. Iako engleski nije zvanični jezik u većini [[država]], on je najčešće drugi jezik koji se govori uz maternji jezik te zemlje. On je takođe po internacionalnim standardima zvanični jezik u avio komunikaciji. NJegova rasprostranjenost kao prvog ili drugog jezika je glavni pokazatelj njegovog globalnog statusa.
 
Postoje brojni argumenti za i protiv engleskog (ili bilo kog drugog jezika) kao globalnog jezika.
U jednu ruku, postojanje globalnog jezika pomaže u komunikaciji i objedinjavanju informacija (na primer u naučnoj zajednici). Međutim, engleski kao globalni jezik isključuje one koji ga, iz nekog razloga, tečno ne govore. Takođe, on marginalizuje one čiji maternji jezik nije „globalni“.
 
Drugi razlog za zabrinutost je taj što širenje globalnih jezika (engleskog, španskog i dr.)za rezultat ima nestajanje manjih jezika, često zajedno sa kulturama i religijama koje su pomoću tih jezika prenošene. Engleski je povezan sa nestankom brojnih jezika. Mnogi od tih nestanaka su vodili ka gubitku kulturnog nasleđa. Američki [[Indijanci]] su bili najjače pogođeni ovim fenomenom.
 
=== Dijalekti i regionalne varijante ===
{{Glavni članak|Spisak dijalekata engleskog jezika}}
Ekspanzija Britanaca i Amerikanaca je raširila i upotrebu engleskog jezika širom sveta. Trenutno je on drugi ili treći jezik po broju ljudi koji ga govore, nakon [[mandarinski jezik|mandarinskog kineskog jezika]]; da li ima više onih čiji je maternji jezik engleski ili onih čiji je maternji jezik španski, zavisi od toga ko broji i kako. Pošto se raširio širom sveta, engleski je dao veliki broj dijalekata i kreolskih jezika baziranih na engleskom kao i jezika-mešavina.
 
Glavne varijante engleskog jezika najčešće sadrže i po nekoliko pod-varijanata, kao što je [[kokni|kokni]] u [[britanski engleski|britanskom engleskom]], njufaundlendski engleski unutar kanadskog engleskog i afričko-američki engleski u [[američki engleski|američkom engleskom]]. U engleskom jeziku, nijedna njegova varijanta se ne smatra jedinim standardom.
 
[[Škotski engleski jezik|Škotski]] je jedan od dijalekata engleskog. Izgovor, gramatika i leksika se razlikuju od standardnog engleskog, ponekad drastično. Škotski dijalekt poseduje neke osobine nemačkog jezika, poput [[guturalni|guturalnog]] izgovora.
 
Usled česte upotrebe engleskog kao drugog jezika, postoji mnogo različitih dijalekata, na osnovu kojih se može se može odgonetnuti koji je govornikov maternji jezik.
 
U mnogo zemalja širom sveta engleske reči i fraze su pomešane sa njihovim svakodnevnim govorom. Tako nastaju jezičke mešavine. Glavni predstavnici ovih ''ad hok'' konstrukcija, koje se ne ubrajaju u [[pidžin]] i [[Kreolski jezik|kreolske jezike]], su [[Engriš]], [[Vasei-eigo]], [[Frengleski]] i [[Špengliš]]. [[Europanto]] kombinuje mnoge jezike, ali mu je engleski osnova.
 
=== Izvedene varijante engleskog jezika ===
* [[Bazični engleski]] je uprošćena verzija za međunarodnu upotrebu. Proizvođači aviona i druge opreme često pišu uputstva za upotrebu na osnovnom engleskom. Neke škole engleskog na Dalekom istoku koriste ovu varijantu u početnim fazama obuke.
* [[Specijalni engleski]] je uprošćena verzija engleskog jezika koju koristi [[Glas Amerike|Glas Amerike]]. Rečnik se sastoji iz 1.500 reči.
* [[Reformisani engleski]] je rezultat kolektivnog doprinosa da se unapredi engleski jezik.
* [[Sispik jezik|Sispik]], [[Erspik jezik|erspik]] i [[Polispik jezik|polispik]], su verzije zasnovane na ograničenom rečniku. Stvorio ih je [[Edvard DŽonson]] tokom [[1980]]-ih kao pomoćno sredstvo za mećunarodnu kooperaciju i komunikaciju.
* [[Evropski engleski jezik|Evropski engleski]] je nova varijanta engleskog jezika koja je zamišljena kao zajednički evropski jezik.
 
== Gramatika ==
{{Poseban članak|Gramatika engleskog jezika}}
Za razliku od [[hrvatski jezik|hrvatskog]] i većine [[slavenski jezici|slavenskih jezika]] engleski je tijekom povijesnog razvoja gotovo izgubio deklinaciju [[imenica]] i [[pridjev]]a:
Za razliku od [[srpskohrvatski jezik|srpskohrvatskog]] i većine [[slavenski jezici|slavenskih jezika]] engleski je tijekom povijesnog razvoja gotovo izgubio deklinaciju [[imenica]] i [[pridjev]]a:
* množina pravilnih imenica tvori se dodavanjem nastavka '''s''' ili '''es''',
* praktično postoje dva [[padež]]a, [[nominativ]] i tzv. saksonski [[genitiv]]
 
Engleska gramatika je bazirana na svojim germanskim korenima, iako su neki naučnici tokom [[1700]]-te i [[1800]]-te pokušali da nametnu [[Latinski jezik|Latinsku]] gramatiku na to, sa malo uspeha. Engleski je samo neznatno [[izmenjen jezik|izmenjen]], mnogo manje nego većina [[Indoevropski jezici|Indo-Evropskih]] jezika. To nadoknađuje stavljanjem više gramatičkih informacija u pomoćne reči kao i red reči, kroz zadržavanje dodataka kao:
* Posesivni (ponekad zvani [[saksonski genitiv]], ali koji je izmišljen u [[klitik]])
** He is Alfredo's best friend. -'s
* 3. lice jednine prezent
** Alfredo works. -s
* Prošlo vreme
** Alfredo worked. -ed
* Radno vreme sadašnje
** Alfredo is working. -ing
* Past particip
** The car was stolen. -en
** Alfredo has talked to the police. -ed
* Gerund
** Working is good for the soul. -ing
* Množina
** All your sigs are mine. -s
* Komparativ
** Alfredo is smarter than Ricky. -er
* Superlativ
** Alfredo has the bluest eyes. -est
 
Za razliku od mnogih [[indoevropski jezici|indo-evropskih jezika]], engleske imenice nemaju rod (osim 3. lica jednine kod zamenica).
 
== Izgovor ==
Engleski za većinu riječi ima tzv. povijesni [[pravopis]] koji je uglavnom fiksiran u vrijeme izuma [[štamparstvo|tiskarstva]] pa je zbog jezičnih promjena teško predvidjeti izgovor riječi na temelju zapisanog oblika. Također, u engleskom postoje neki glasovi kojih nema u hrvatskom jeziku, primjerice suglasnik u riječi ''the'' i veći broj samoglasnika i dvoglasa
 
== Rečnik ==
 
Skoro bez izuzetka, germanske reči (koje sadrže sve osnove kao npr. [[zamenice]] i [[gramatičke konjunkcije|konjunkcije]]) su kraće, i više neformalne. Romanske reči se često smatraju više elegantnim ili edukativnim.
 
=== Poreklo reči ===
{{main|Spisak engleskih reči stranog porekla}}
 
Jedna od posledica uticaja francuskog jezika na engleski je ta da je rečnik engleskog podeljen na reči [[Germanski jezici|germanskog]] porekla (uglavnom [[Stari englski jezik|staro-engleski]]), i one koje su „Latinizmi“ (izvedeni iz [[Latinski jezik|latinskog]], uglavnom iz normansko-francuskog, ali i direktno iz latinskog).
 
Engleski jezik ima [[Leksika|leksičku]] sličnost sa nemačkim od 60%, sa francuskim 27%, i 24% sa ruskim jezikom.
 
Komjuterska analiza 80.000 reči u starom ''Kratkom Oksfordskom Rečniku (treće izdanje)'' (autori analize Tomas Finkelštet i Diter Volf, 1973) procenila je poreklo engleskih reči:
* [[Francuski jezik|francuski]], uključujući stari francuski i anglo-francuski: [[Spisak engleskih reči francuskog porekla|28.3%]]
* latinski, uključujući moderni tehnički i naučni latinski: 28.24%
* stari i srednji engleski, [[Stari nordijski jezik|stari nordijski]], i [[Holandski jezik|holandski]]: 25%
* grčki: 5.32%
* nepoznata etimologija: 4.03%
* izvedenice iz ličnih imena: 3.28%
* svi ostali jezici doprinose manje od 1%
 
[[DŽejms Nikol]] je ovim povodom primetio: ''Problem definisanja čistote engleskog jezika je u tome što je engleski čist koliko i prostitutka. Mi ne samo da pozajmljujemo reči; ponekad, engleski progoni druge jezike i prebija ih da bi im ispraznio džepove u potrazi za novim rečima.''
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=1990May15.155309.8892%40watdragon.waterloo.edu&oe=UTF-8&output=gplain]
 
== Sistem pisanja ==
Engleski jezik koristi [[latinski jezik|latinski]] [[alfabet]]. [[Ortografija]] engleskog je [[istorija|istorijska]] a ne [[Fonologija|fonološka]]. Izgovor i pisanje se značajno razlikuju. U engleskom postoje određene reči koje koje se pišu sa naglašenim [[Akcenat (lingvistika)|akcentom]]. Ove reči su uglavnom preuzete iz drugih jezika, uglavnom [[Francuski jezik|francuskog]].
 
== Reference ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Literatura ==
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:{{cite book |last=Graddol |first=David |title=English Next India: The future of English in India |authorlink= |url=http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next-india-2010.pdf |accessdate=7 February 2015 |date=2010 |publisher=The British Council |isbn=978-086355-627-2 |laysummary=http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/3/356.extract |laysource=ELT Journal |laydate=7 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- GraddolLeithSwann et al.2007 -->
:{{cite book |editor1-last=Graddol |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Leith |editor2-first=Dick |editor3-last=Swann |editor3-first=Joan |editor4-last=Rhys |editor4-first=Martin |editor5-last=Gillen |editor5-first=Julia |title=Changing English |displayeditors=5 |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415376792/ |accessdate=11 February 2015 |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-37679-2 |page= |laysummary=|laydate= |ref={{harvid|Graddol|Leith|Swann et al.|2007}}}}
<!--Green2002-->
:{{cite book |last=Green |first=Lisa J. |date=2002 |title=African American English: a linguistic introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}
<!-- Greenbaum -->
:{{cite book |last1=Greenbaum |first1=S. |last2=Nelson |first2=G. |title=An introduction to English grammar |date=1 January 2002 |edition=Second |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-43741-8 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Halliday & Hasan 1976-->
:{{cite book|last=Halliday|first=M.A.K.|last2=Hasan|first2=Ruqaiya|date=1976|title=Cohesion in English|publisher=Pearson Education ltd.|ref=harv}}
<!-- HancockAngogo1982 -->
:{{cite book |last=Hancock |first=Ian F. |last2=Angogo |first2=Rachel |chapter=English in East Africa |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |pages=415–438 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |ref=harv}}
<!-- Harbert2006 -->
:{{cite book |last=Harbert |first=Wayne |title=The Germanic Languages |url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511755071 |accessdate=26 February 2015 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01511-0 |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511755071 |laysummary=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40492966 |laysource=Language (journal of the Linguistic Society of America) |laydate=26 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Hickey 2007 -->
:{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=R. |date=2007 |title=Irish English: History and present-day forms |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}
<!-- Hickey 2005 -->
:{{cite book|last=Hickey|first=R. (Ed.)|date=2005|title=Legacies of colonial English: Studies in transported dialects|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}
<!-- Hogg1992 -->
:{{cite book |last=Hogg |first=Richard M. |chapter=Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 |pages=67–168 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Hogg2006 -->
:{{cite book |last1=Hogg |first1=Richard M. |chapter=Chapter7: English in Britain |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=360–61 |ref=harv}}
<!-- HowManyWords2015 -->
:{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=How many words are there in the English language? |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2015 |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |accessdate=2 April 2015 |quote='''How many words are there in the English language?''' There is no single sensible answer to this question. It's impossible to count the number of words in a language, because it's so hard to decide what actually counts as a word. |ref={{harvid|HowManyWords|2015}}}}
<!-- HuddlestonPullum2002 -->
:{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoffrey K. |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |date=15 April 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43146-0 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/cambridge-grammar-english-language |accessdate=10 February 2015 |page= |laysummary=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~culicove/Publications/CGEL_Review.pdf |laydate=10 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Hughes & Trudgill 1996 -->
:{{cite book |first1=Arthur |last1=Hughes |last2=Trudgill |first2=Peter |date=1996 |title=English Accents and Dialects |edition=3rd |publisher= Arnold Publishers |ref=harv}}
<!-- International Civil Aviation Organization -->
:{{cite web |author=International Civil Aviation Organization |title=Personnel Licensing FAQ |url=http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/pages/peltrgfaq.aspx#anchor14 |accessdate=16 December 2014 |publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau |date=2011 |at=In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency? |quote=Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground. |ref=harv}}
<!-- International Maritime Organization -->
:{{cite web |author=International Maritime Organization |title=IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases |date=2011 |url=http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/StandardMarineCommunicationPhrases.aspx |accessdate=16 December 2014 |ref=harv}}
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: {{Cite book |last=International Phonetic Association |authorlink= |date=1999 |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Jambor2007 -->
:{{cite journal |last=Jambor |first=Paul Z. |title=English Language Imperialism: Points of View |journal=Journal of English as an International Language |date=December 2007 |volume =2 |pages=103–123 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Jespersen 2007 -->
:{{cite book |last=Jespersen |first=Otto |title=The Philosophy of Grammar |chapter=Case: The number of English cases |publisher=Routledge |origyear=1924 |date=2007 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Kachru2006 -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kachru |first=B |title=English: World Englishes |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006453 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 |pages=195–202 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Kastovsky2006 -->
:{{cite book |last=Kastovsky |first1=Dieter |chapter=Chapter 4: Vocabulary |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=199–270 |ref=harv}}
<!-- KönigvanderAuwera1994 -->
:{{cite book |editor1-last=König |editor1-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan |title=The Germanic Languages |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-28079-2 |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |accessdate=26 February 2015 |laysummary=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4176538 |laydate=26 February 2015 |ref=harv}} The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann, Ans van Kemenade, John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine.
<!-- König 1994 -->
:{{cite book |last=König |first=Ekkehard |chapter=17. English |pages=532–562 |editor1-last=König |editor1-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan |title=The Germanic Languages |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-28079-2 |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |accessdate=26 February 2015 |laysummary=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4176538 |laydate=26 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Labov 1972 -->
:{{cite book |last=Labov |first=W. |date=1972 |title=Sociolinguistic patterns |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |chapter= 13. The Social Stratification of (R) in New York City Department Stores |ref=harv}}
<!-- LabovAshBoberg2006 named reference was ANAE -->
:{{cite book |last1=Labov |first1=William |authorlink1= |last2=Ash |first2=Sharon |last3=Boberg |first3=Charles |date=2006 |title=The Atlas of North American English |location=Berlin |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-016746-8 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/178229?rskey=eUyN34&result=2 |accessdate=2 April 2015 |via= De Gruyter |subscription=yes |ref=harv}}
<!-- Lanham 1982 -->
:{{cite book |last=Lanham |first=L. W. |chapter=English in South Africa |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=324–352 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=2. Phonology and Morphology |editor1-last=Blake |editor1-first=Norman |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=II: 1066-1476 |pages=103–123 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Lass2000 -->
:{{cite book |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-first=Roger |editor-last=Lass |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |date=2000 |pages=56–186 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Lass 2002-->
:{{citation |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=South African English |editor-last=Mesthrie |editor-first=Rajend |date=2002 |title=Language in South Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521791052}}
<!-- Lass2006 -->
:{{cite book |last1=Lass |first1=Roger |chapter=Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=46–47 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Lawler2006 -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lawler |first=J |title=Punctuation |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542045739 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 |pages=290–291 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Lawton 1982 -->
:{{cite book |last=Lawton |first=David L. |chapter=English in the Caribbean |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=251–280 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Leech 2006 -->
:{{cite book |last=Leech |first=G. N. |date=2006 |title=A glossary of English grammar |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last1=Leech |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Hundt |first2=Marianne |last3=Mair |first3=Christian |last4=Smith |first4=Nicholas |title=Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=22 October 2009 |isbn=978-0-521-86722-1 |laysummary=http://english.fullerton.edu/publications/clnarchives/2012winter/angus-chng%20contemp_eng.pdf |laydate=29 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=L. |last2=Crockett |first2=H. J. |date=1966 |title=Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*|journal=Sociological Inquiry |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=204–226 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Li2003 -->
:{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=David C. S. |title=Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language? |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |volume=2003 |issue=164 |pages=33–63 |date=2003 |issn=0165-2516 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijsl.2003.2003.issue-164/ijsl.2003.055/ijsl.2003.055.xml?format=INT |accessdate=27 March 2015 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 |via= De Gruyter |subscription=yes |ref=harv}}
<!-- LimAnsaldo2006 -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Lim |first1=L |last2=Ansaldo |first2=U |title=Singapore: Language Situation |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542017016 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 |pages=387–389 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Maclagan 2010 -->
:{{cite book |last=Maclagan |first=Margaret |chapter=Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand |editor-last=Kirkpatrick |editor-first=Andy |date=2010 |title=The Routledge handbook of world Englishes |publisher=Routledge |pages=151–164 |isbn=978-0-203-84932-3 |laysummary=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4525181 |laydate=29 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!--MacMahon 2006 -->
:{{cite book |last=MacMahon |first=M. K. |date=2006 |chapter=16. English Phonetics |editor1=Bas Aarts |editor2=April McMahon |title=The Handbook of English Linguistics |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |pages=359–382 |ref=harv}}
<!-- MacquarieDictionary2015 -->
:{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ |title=Macquarie Dictionary |website=Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online &#124; Macquarie Dictionary |date=2015 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Group Australia |accessdate=15 February 2015 |registration=yes |ref={{harvid|MacquarieDictionary|2015}}}}
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:{{cite book |last1=Mair |first1= C. |last2=Leech |first2=G. |date=2006 |chapter=14 Current Changes in English Syntax |title=The handbook of English linguistics |ref=harv}}
<!-- Mair 2006-->
:{{cite book |last=Mair |first=Christian |date=2006 |title=Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last1=Mazrui |first1=Ali A. |last2=Mazrui |first2=Alamin |title=The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience |date=3 August 1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-51429-1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC |accessdate=15 February 2015 |laysummary=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo3618917.html |laydate=15 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- McArthur1992 -->
:{{cite book |editor-last=McArthur |editor-first=Tom |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-214183-5 |laysummary=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001/acref-9780192800619 |laydate=15 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- McCrumMacNeilCran2003 -->
:{{Cite book |last1=McCrum |first1=Robert |last2=MacNeil |first2=Robert |last3=Cran |first3=William |title=The Story of English |location=London |date=2003 |edition=Third Revised |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-200231-5 |ref=harv}}
<!-- McGuinness1997 -->
:{{cite book |last=McGuinness |first=Diane |title=Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading |authorlink= |date=1997 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-83161-9 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F-q02ZBKh3wC |accessdate=3 April 2015 |laysummary=http://fee.org/freeman/detail/why-our-children-cant-read-and-what-we-can-do-about-it |laydate=3 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Meierkord2006 -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Meierkord |first=C |title=Lingua Francas as Second Languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006416 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 |pages=163–171 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- MerriamWebster2015 -->
:{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=English |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=26 February 2015 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/English |accessdate=26 February 2015 |ref={{harvid|MerriamWebster|2015}}}}
<!-- Methrie2006 -->
:{{cite journal |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |title=New Englishes and the native speaker debate |journal=Language Sciences |date=2010 |issn=0388-0001 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0388000110000549 |accessdate=17 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 |pages=594–601 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Miller 2002 -->
:{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Jim |date=2002 |title=An Introduction to English Syntax |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |ref=harv}}
<!-- Montgomery -->
:{{cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=M. |date=1993 |title=The Southern Accent—Alive and Well |journal=Southern Cultures |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=47–64 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Mountford2006 -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mountford |first=J |title=English Spelling: Rationale |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050185 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 |pages=156–159 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Mufwene2006 -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mufwene |first=S. S. |title=Language Spread |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542012918 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 |pages=613–616 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book |last=Nation |first=I.S.P. |title=Learning Vocabulary in Another Language |authorlink= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=15 March 2001 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sKqx8k8gYTkC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |page=477 |isbn=0-521-80498-1 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001269892.pdf |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- National Records of Scotland2013 official census data for Scotland -->
:{{cite web |author=National Records of Scotland |title=Census 2011: Release 2A |series=Scotland's Census 2011 |date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-release-2a |accessdate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Neijt |first=A |title=Spelling Reform |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542045740 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 |pages=68–71 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- NevalainenTieken-Boon van Ostade2006 -->
:{{cite book |last1=Nevalainen |first1=Terttu |last2=Tieken-Boon van Ostade |first2=Ingrid |chapter=Chapter 5: Standardization |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages= |ref=harv}}
<!-- Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency2012 -->
:{{cite web |author=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |title=Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012 |periodical=Statistics Bulletin |date=11 December 2012 |url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf |accessdate=16 December 2014 |at=Table KS207NI: Main Language |ref=harv}}
<!-- Northrup2013 -->
:{{cite book |last=Northrup |first=David |title=How English Became the Global Language |date=20 March 2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-30306-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YPAlPeB6IvQC |accessdate=25 March 2015 |laysummary=http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/how-english-became-the-global-language-david-northrup/?K=9781137303066 |laydate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- O'Dwyer 2006-->
:{{cite book |first=Bernard |last=O'Dwyer |title= Modern English Structures, second edition: Form, Function, and Position |publisher=Broadview Press |date=2006 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite web |author=Office for National Statistics |title=Language in England and Wales, 2011 |date=4 March 2013 |periodical=2011 Census Analysis |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/language-in-england-and-wales-2011/rpt---language-in-england-and-wales--2011.html |accessdate=16 December 2014 |ref=harv}}
<!-- OxfordLearner'sDictionary -->
:{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ |accessdate=25 February 2015 |publisher=Oxford |accessdate=11 February 2015 |ref={{harvid|OxfordLearner'sDictionary|2015}}}}
<!-- Patrick2006aJamaica -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Patrick |first=P. L. |title=Jamaica: Language Situation |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006a |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542017600 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 |pages=88–90 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
<!-- Patrick2006bAAVE -->
:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Patrick |first=P. L. |title=English, African-American Vernacular |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006b |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050926 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 |pages=159–163 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
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<!-- Phillipson2004 -->
:{{cite book |last=Phillipson |first=Robert |title=English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy |date=28 April 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-44349-9 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9HiCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |accessdate=15 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Roach |first=Peter |title=English Phonetics and Phonology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge |edition=4th |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Romaine |first=Suzanne |chapter=English in Scotland |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=56–83 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rowicka |first=G J |title=Canada: Language Situation |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542018484 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 |pages=194–195 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Camille |title=Language Use in the United States: 2011 |periodical=American Community Survey Reports |date=August 2013 |page=1 |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |accessdate=16 December 2014 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Sailaja |first=Pingali |title=Indian English |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-2595-6 |series=Dialects of English |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC |accessdate=5 April 2015 |laysummary=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/indian-english-9780748625949?cc=us&lang=en& |laydate=5 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Schiffrin |first=Deborah |date=1988 |title=Discourse Markers |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35718-0 |series=Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hs7J-WqPtPAC |accessdate=5 April 2015 |laysummary=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/discourse-markers |laydate=5 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Edgar |title=Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-53901-2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QIE6zGSd8okC |accessdate=5 April 2015 |laysummary=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/postcolonial-english-varieties-around-world |laydate=5 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite journal |last=Schönweitz |first=Thomas |title=Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis |journal=American Speech |volume=76 |issue=3 |date=2001 |pages=259–285 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Shaywitz |first=Sally E. |title=Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level |date=2003 |publisher=A.A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-40012-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hXbZ1QInSF0C |accessdate=3 April 2015 |laysummary=http://dyslexia.yale.edu/book_Overcoming.html |laydate=3 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |author=Statistics South Africa |title=Census 2011: Census in Brief |periodical=Report No. 03-01-41 |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-621-41388-5 |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2011/Products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |accessdate=16 December 2014 |at=Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number) |ref=harv}}
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:{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=A New English Grammar |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2014 |origyear=1892 |ref=harv}}
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{{refend}}
 
== Vanjske veze ==
Izvor: https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_jezik