Bizantska muzika

Bizantska muzika (grčki: Βυζαντινή μουσική) originalno se sastojala od pjesama i himni komponovanih za dvorske i vjerske svečanosti u Bizantskom Carstvu. Nakon pada Carigrada 1453. nastavljena je tradicijom bizantskog pojanja u pravoslavnoj liturgiji. Danas su najpoznatiji crkveni oblici bizantske muzike s obzirom na to da su mnoge pravoslavne zajednice usvojile to bizantsko nasljeđe. U tim zajednicama kantori (vođe crkvenog hora) monodično (jednoglasno) izvode crkvene pjesme iz tradicionalnih knjiga pojanja (poput stihira i irmologija).

Vizantijsko pojanje
Nematerijalna svjetska baština
Kipar, Grčka
Regija:	Evropa
Godina upisa:	2019.
ID:	01508
Ugroženost:
Poveznica:	UNESCO

Bizantska muzika nije nestala nakon pada Carigrada. Nastavljena je pod Carigradskom patrijaršijom, koja je poslije osmanskog osvajanja 1453. dobila administrativnu odgovornost nad svim pravoslavnim hrišćanima u Osmanskom Carstvu. Tokom opadanja Osmanskog Carstva u 19. stoljeću, balkanske nacije proglasile su autonomiju ili autokefalnost od Carigradske patrijaršije.

Hrišćansko pojanje prakticirano u osmanskoj Bugarskoj, Srbiji i Grčkoj zasnovano je na historijskim korijenima bizantske umjetnosti. Istovremeno, crkvena muzika stvorena tokom osmanskog perioda smatra se „postvizantijskom”. Zbog toga se bizantska muzika odnosi na nekoliko pravoslavnih tradicija pojanja na području Mediterana i Kavkaza koje su se prakticirale u nedavnoj historiji, a neke se prakticiraju i danas.

Nematerijalna svjetska baština

Kao živa umjetnost koja postoji više od 2000 godina, bizantska muzika je značajna kulturna tradicija i sveobuhvatan muzički sistem koji čini dio zajedničke muzičke tradicije koja se razvijala u Vizantijskom carstvu. Ističući i muzički oplemenjujući liturgijske tekstove Grčke pravoslavne crkve, neraskidivo je povezan sa duhovnim životom i verskim bogosluženjem. Uglavnom je usmjerena na izvođenje crkvenog teksta.

Prenošena slušno kroz generacije, njene glavne karakteristike su:

• isključivo vokalna muzika
• u suštini je monofona
• napjevi su kodificirani u osmoglasni ili osmotonski sistem
• pjevanje koristi različite stilove ritma kako bi naglasilo željene slogove određenih riječi

Iako je psaltička umjetnost oduvijek bila povezana s muškim glasom, žene pjevačice su uobičajene u ženskim manastirima i donekle učestvuju u parohijama. Osim što se prenosi u crkvi, vizantijsko pjevanje cvjeta zahvaljujući posvećenosti stručnjaka i nestručnjaka – uključujući muzičare, članove hora, kompozitore, muzikologe i učenjake – koji doprinose njegovom proučavanju, izvođenju i širenju.

Vizantijsko pojanje dodano je 2019. na UNESCO-ovu listu nematerijalnog kulturnog naslijeđa kao element nematerijalnog kulturnog naslijeđa Kipra i Grčke, živa umjetnost koja postoji više od 2.000 godina i značajna kulturna tradicija i sveobuhvatni muzički sistem koji čini dio zajedničkih muzičkih tradicija što su se razvile u Vizantijskom Carstvu.

Odluku o upisu donio je Međuvladin komitet za očuvanje nematerijalnog kulturnog nasleđa na 14. zasjedanju koje je održano od 9. do 14. decembra 2019. god. u Bogoti, Kolumbija.

Literatura

• Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990). On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-42548-1. 

Tropologija i oktoisi

• „Berlin, Staatliche Museen P. 21319”. Berlin, Staatliche Museen P. 21319. Egypt. 
• „Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Papyrus Vindobonensis G 19.934”. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Papyrus Vindobonensis G 19.934. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 607”, Τροπολόγιον σῦν Θεῷ τῶν μηνῶν δυῶν μαρτίου καὶ ἀπριλλίου ["With God the tropologion of the two months March and April"] (9th century) 
• „Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds grec, Ms. 360, ff.216r-237v”, Βιβλίον ἁγιοπολίτης συγκροτημένον ἔκ τινων μουσικῶν μεθόδων ["The book of the Holy Polis (Jerusalem) unifying different musical methods", originally an introduction to a 12th-century tropologion] rebound in a compiled collection of basic grammar treatises and fragments with mathemataria and of a menologion (12th–15th centuries) 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 777”, Tropologion of the parakletike kanons, penitential chant, apostolic prosomoia and of ferial days and theotokia composed according to the kanon order (11th century) 
• „Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 80”. Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 80. 

Lekcionari i psaltiri

• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 7”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 7. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 8”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 8. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 213”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 213. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 351”. Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 351. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 756”. Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 756. 
• „London, British Library, Add MS 19352”. London, British Library, Add MS 19352. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-11-20. Pristupljeno 2024-02-11. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. slav. 3”. Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. slav. 3. 

Menologija

• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 1613”. Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 1613. Constantinople. 

Mineji

• „Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 159”. Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 159. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 160”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 160. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 161”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 161. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 162”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 162. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 163”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 163. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 164”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 164. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 165”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 165. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 166”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 166. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 167”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 167. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 168”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 168. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 319”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 319. 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Voskr. Perg. 27”. Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Voskr. Perg. 27. 

Stihire

• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 67”. Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 67. 
• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 74”. Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 74. 
• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 72”. Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 72. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1219”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1219. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1217”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1217. 
• „Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 152”. Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 152. 
• „Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 147”. Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 147. 
• „Copenhagen, Det kongelige Bibliotek, Ms. NkS 4960, 4°”. Copenhagen, Det kongelige Bibliotek, Ms. NkS 4960, 4°. 

Irmologije

• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. β 32”. Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. β 32. 
• „Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds Coislin, ms. 220”. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds Coislin, ms. 220. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 929”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 929. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1256”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1256. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1257”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1257. 

Obredi

• „Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Rep. I 17, ff.21v-265v”. Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Rep. I 17, ff.21v-265v. 

Kontakarija i asmatika

• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 925”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 925. 
• „Saint-Petersburg, Rossiyskaya natsional'naya biblioteka, Ms. Q.п.I.32”. Saint-Petersburg, Rossiyskaya natsional'naya biblioteka, Ms. Q.п.I.32. 
• „Moscow, Russian State Library (Российская государственная библиотека), fond 304 Ms. 23”. Moscow, Russian State Library (Российская государственная библиотека), fond 304 Ms. 23. 
• „Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 777”. Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 777. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Vat. gr. 1606”. Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Vat. gr. 1606. 
• „Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds grec, Ms. 397”. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds grec, Ms. 397. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1280”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1280. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Vat. gr. 345”. Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Vat. gr. 345. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1314”. Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1314. 

Akolutije i antropologije

• „Athens, National Library of Greece [Ethnike Vivliotheke tes Hellados, Ms. 2458”]. Athens, National Library of Greece [Ethnike Vivliotheke tes Hellados], Ms. 2458. 
• Koukouzeles, Ioannes; Korones, Xenos; Kladas, Ioannes. „Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. theol. gr. 185”. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. theol. gr. 185. 
• „Athens, Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελλάδος [Ethnike Vivliotheke tes Hellados, Ms. 2061”]. Athens, Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελλάδος [Ethnike Vivliotheke tes Hellados], Ms. 2061. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2019-02-24. Pristupljeno 2024-02-11. 
• „Moscow, Russian State Library, fond 304 Ms. 407”. Moscow, Russian State Library, fond 304 Ms. 407. 

Bibliografija

Izdanja

• Troelsgård, Christian, ur. (21 July 2021). „Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae”. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae. University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, Dept. of Greek and Latin. 
• Floros, Constantin (2015). Das mittelbyzantinische Kontaktienrepertoire. Untersuchungen und kritische Edition. 1–3. Hamburg. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-02-05. Pristupljeno 2015-02-05. 
• Raasted, Jørgen, ur. (1983). The Hagiopolites: A Byzantine Treatise on Musical Theory. Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin. 45. Copenhagen: Paludan. 
• Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founder's Typika and Testaments. Dumbarton Oaks Studies. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 2000. ISBN 978-0-88402-232-9. 
• Uspenskiy, Boris Aleksandrovič, ur. (2006). Типографский Устав: Устав с кондакарем конца XI — начала XII века [Tipografsky Ustav: Ustav with Kondakar' end 11th-beginning 12th c. (vol. 1: facsimile, vol. 2: edition of the texts, vol. 3: monographic essays)]. Памятники славяно-русской письменности. Новая серия. 1–3. Moscow: Языки славянских культур. ISBN 978-5-9551-0131-6. 
• Myers, Gregory, ur. (1994). The Lavrsky-Troitsky Kondakar'. Monumenta Slavico-Byzantina Mediaevalia Europensia. 4. Sofia: Ivan Dujcev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies (Heron Press). ISBN 978-954-580-006-1. 
• Dostál, Antonín; Rothe, Hans; Trapp, Erich, ur. (1976–2004). Der altrussische Kondakar' auf der Grundlage des Blagoveščenskij Nižegorodskij Kondakar'. Bausteine zur Geschichte der Literatur bei den Slawen, Editionen. 3:2–7. Giessen [Köln, Weimar, Vienna]: Wilhelm Schmitz [Böhlau since 1990]. ISSN 0170-3552. 
• Voudouris, Angelos L., ur. (1996–1998). Κώδικες της Ορθοδόξου Βυζαντινής Εκκλησιαστικής Ασματωδίας [Codices of Orthodox ecclesiastic chant according to the school of Iakovos Nafpliotis, Archon Protopsaltes of the Ecumenical Patriarchate]. 1–18. Athens: European Art Centre (EUARCE). 

Uvodi

• Levy, Kenneth; Troelsgård, Christian (2001). „Byzantine chant”. New Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 1. DOI:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494. ISBN 9781561592630. 
• Velimirović, Miloš; Lozovaya, Irene; Myers, Gregory; De Carlo, Leonora (2001). „Russian and Slavonic church music”. New Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 1. DOI:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43458. 
• Wellesz, Egon (1980). A history of Byzantine music and hymnography (2nd, revised and enlarged izd.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816111-0. 
• Hannick, Christian (1995). „Byzantinische Musik”. u: Laurenz Lütteken (de). MGG Online. Kassel, Stuttgart, New York. 
• Hannick, Christian (1994). „Altslawische Musik”. u: Laurenz Lütteken (de). MGG Online. Kassel, Stuttgart, New York. 

Grčka i slavenska muzička paleografija

• Dimitrova, Mariana (2006). „Some Observations on the Slavic Sources for Theta Notation”. Scripta & e-Scripta 2006 (3–4): 225–237. ISSN 1312-238X. 
• Doneda, Annalisa (2 September 2011). Computer Applications to Byzantine Chant: A Relational Database for the Koinonika of the Asmatikon. 
• Engberg, Sysse G. (2005). „Les lectionnaires grecs” (fr). Ædilis, Actes. Séminaires et tables rondes. 9. Paris, Orléans. 
• Floros, Constantin; Moran, Neil K. (2009). The Origins of Russian Music: Introduction to the Kondakarian Notation. Frankfurt am Main etc.: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631595534. 
• Floros, Constantin (1970) (de). Universale Neumenkunde. 1, 3. Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe: Bärenreiter. 
• Myers, Gregory (1998). „The medieval Russian Kondakar and the choirbook from Kastoria: a palaeographic study in Byzantine and Slavic musical relations”. Plainsong and Medieval Music 7 (1): 21–46. DOI:10.1017/S0961137100001406. ISSN 0961-1371. 
• Tillyard, Henry Julius Wetenhall (1952). „The Stages of the Early Byzantine Musical Notation”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 45 (Jahresband): 29–42. DOI:10.1515/byzs.1952.45.1.29. ISSN 0007-7704. 
• Tillyard, Henry Julius Wetenhall (1937). „Byzantine Neumes: The Coislin Notation”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 37 (2): 345–358. DOI:10.1515/byzs.1937.37.2.345. ISSN 0007-7704. 
• Tillyard, H. J. W. (1935). Handbook of the Middle Byzantine Musical Notation. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, Subsidia. 1. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard. 
• Troelsgård, Christian (2011). Byzantine Neumes : A New Introduction to the Middle Byzantine Musical Notation. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, Subsidia. 9. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788763531580. 

Novi metod i pravoslavno pojanje osmanskog perioda

• Chrysanthos of Madytos (1832). Pelopides, Panagiotes G.. ur. Θεωρητικόν μέγα της μουσικής συνταχθέν μεν παρά Χρυσάνθου αρχιεπισκόπου Διρραχίου του εκ Μαδύτων εκδοθέν δε υπό Παναγιώτου Γ. Πελοπίδου Πελοποννησίου διά φιλοτίμου συνδρομής των ομογενών. Triest: Michele Weis. 
• Vasileios Nikolaidis Vyzantios, ur. (1825). „Copy of Chrysanthos' first book of the 'Mega Theoretikon' (Ms. Gr. 90)”. Copy of Chrysanthos' first book of the 'Mega Theoretikon' (Ms. Gr. 90). Sofia: St. Cyril and St. Methodius National Library. 
• Great Theory of Music by Chrysanthos of Madytos. New Rochelle, New York: Axion Estin Foundation. 2010. ISBN 9780615342597. 

Glosari

• Ολυμπία Τολίκα, Επίτομο Εγκυκλοπαιδικό Λεξικό της Βυζαντινής Μουσικής Arhivirano 2019-03-29 na Wayback Machine-u [Olympia Tolika: Encyclopaedian Dictionary of Byzantine Music]. Έκδ. Ευρωπαϊκό Κέντρο Τέχνης (EUARCE), Αθήνα 1993.

Vanjske veze

Historijski zapisi

• Raktivan, Panos M.; Vafeiadis, Viktor. „Byzantine music: Archon cantors of the Great Church of Christ”. Byzantine music: Archon cantors of the Great Church of Christ. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Association of Constantinopolitan Friends of Music in Athens. 

Rekonstrukcije

• Ioannis Arvanitis, ur. (2 December 2011). „Allelouiarion Οἱ οὐρανοὶ διηγοῦνται δόξαν θεοῦ (Ps. 18:2) in echos protos according to the psaltikon of Grottaferrata (I-Fl Ashburn 64)”. Allelouiarion Οἱ οὐρανοὶ διηγοῦνται δόξαν θεοῦ (Ps. 18:2) in echos protos according to the psaltikon of Grottaferrata (I-Fl Ashburn 64). Venice: Ensemble Hagiopolites. 
• „Concert with Akathistos hymn of the psaltikon in historical costumes”. Concert with Akathistos hymn of the psaltikon in historical costumes. Jassy: Romeiko Ensemble. 6 October 2019. 
• Chourmouzios the Archivist, ur. „CD dedicated to compositions of John Koukouzeles”. CD dedicated to compositions of John Koukouzeles. Greek Byzantine Choir. 
• Chrysaphes, Manuel (22 December 2011). „Christmas Kanon Μυστήριον ξένον”. u: Chourmouzios the Archivist. Christmas Kanon Μυστήριον ξένον. Ensemble Psaltikon. 

Moderne varijante

• Spyrakis, Ioannis. „Electroacoustic & Acousmatic Music, Byzantine Music”. Electroacoustic & Acousmatic Music, Byzantine Music. 

Uvodi u bizantsku muziku

• Stathes, Gregorios Th. (May 1970). „Introduction into Byzantine Church Music”. Introduction into Byzantine Church Music. Oxford. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-02-25. Pristupljeno 2024-02-11. 
• Myers, Gregory. „An Introduction to Byzantine Chant and Notation (22')”. An Introduction to Byzantine Chant and Notation (22'). YouTube. 
• Antonopoulos, Spyros (21 April 2016). „An Introduction into Byzantine Chant”. An Introduction into Byzantine Chant. Worcester, Massachusetts: YouTube. 
• Conomos, Dimitri (24 November 2011). „Lecture: Eastern Sacred Chant”. Lecture: Eastern Sacred Chant. Pembroke College, Mary Hyde Eccles Room: Oxford Orthodox Christian Student Society. 
• Introduction Arhivirano 2021-04-12 na Wayback Machine-u from The British Library

Tutorijali za pravoslavno pojanje

• „Video introduction with modern solfège by Georgios Hatzichronoglou”. Video introduction with modern solfège by Georgios Hatzichronoglou. Vrilissia: ASBMH. 
• „Byzantine Music System”. Byzantine Music System. Athens: Institute for Research on Music and Acoustics (ΙΕΜΑ). 
• Jones, Nicholas. „Introduction into Chrysanthine Notation”. Introduction into Chrysanthine Notation. Pittsburgh: Choir of Saint George Antiochian Orthodox Cathedral. 

Ostalo

• „Analogion and Psaltologion (Blog about Orthodox Chant and its Byzantine Heritage)”. Analogion and Psaltologion (Blog about Orthodox Chant and its Byzantine Heritage). 
• The American Society of Byzantine Music and Hymnology
• New Byzantine Music Publications Arhivirano 2023-10-04 na Wayback Machine-u
• The Divine Music Project

Izvori

Bizantska muzika na Wikimedijinoj ostavi