Tramadol

Tramadol
(IUPAC) ime
	(1R,2R)-rel-2-[(dimetilamino)metil]- 1-(3-metoksifenil)cikloheksanol
Klinički podaci
Identifikatori
CAS broj	27203-92-5
ATC kod	N02AX02
PubChem	33741
DrugBank	APRD00028
ChemSpider	31105
UNII	39J1LGJ30J
Hemijski podaci
Formula	C16H25NO2
Mol. masa	263.4 g/mol
SMILES	eMolekuli & PubHem
InChI
	InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1; Key: TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N
Farmakokinetički podaci
Bioraspoloživost	68–72% (povećava se sa ponovljenim doziranjem.)
Vezivanje za proteine plazme	20%
Metabolizam	hepatički demetilacija i glukuronidacija
Poluvreme eliminacije	5–7 časova
Izlučivanje	renalno
Farmakoinformacioni podaci
Trudnoća	C(AU) C(US)
Pravni status	Samo na recept (S4) (AU) POM (UK) ℞-only (SAD) ℞ Prescription only
Način primene	oralno, IV, IM, rektalno, sablingualno, intranazalno

Tramadol (Ultram, Tramal) je centralno delujući analgetik i koristi se u lečenju umerenog do umereno jakog bola. Lek ima širok spektar delovanja, uključujući i tretman za sindrom nemirnih nogu, gastroezofagealni refluks, i fibromijalgiju. Razvila ga je farmaceutska kompanija Grünenthal GmbH krajem 70-ih godina 20. veka.^[4]

Tramadol dejstvuje kao slab agonist na μ-opioidnom receptoru, oslobađa serotonin, i inhibira reapsorpciju norepinefrina.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Reference uredi

↑ Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). „PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery.”. Drug Discov Today 15 (23-24): 1052-7. DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.003. PMID 20970519. edit
↑ Evan E. Bolton, Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. DOI:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.
↑ Hettne KM, Williams AJ, van Mulligen EM, Kleinjans J, Tkachenko V, Kors JA. (2010). „Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining”. J Cheminform 2 (1): 3. DOI:10.1186/1758-2946-2-3. PMID 20331846. edit
↑ US patent 3652589, Flick, Kurt; Frankus, Ernst, "1-(m-Substituted Phenyl)-2-Aminomethyl Cyclohexanols", granted 28. 3. 1972.
↑ Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Collart, L (1997). „Pharmacology of tramadol”. Drugs 53 Suppl 2: 18–24. DOI:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006. PMID 9190321.
↑ Lewis, KS; Han, NH (1997). „Tramadol: a new centrally acting analgesic”. American journal of health-system pharmacy 54 (6): 643–52. PMID 9075493.
↑ WO patent 2007070779, Singh, Chandra, "A Method to Treat Premature Ejaculation in Humans", granted 21. 6. 2007.
↑ Driessen B, Reimann W (January 1992). „Interaction of the central analgesic, tramadol, with the uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain in vitro”. British Journal of Pharmacology 105 (1): 147–51. PMC 1908625. PMID 1596676.
↑ Bamigbade TA, Davidson C, Langford RM, Stamford JA (September 1997). „Actions of tramadol, its enantiomers and principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, on serotonin (5-HT) efflux and uptake in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus”. British Journal of Anaesthesia 79 (3): 352–6. PMID 9389855.
↑ Reimann W, Schneider F (May 1998). „Induction of 5-hydroxytryptamine release by tramadol, fenfluramine and reserpine”. European Journal of Pharmacology 349 (2-3): 199–203. DOI:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00195-2. PMID 9671098.
↑ Gobbi M, Moia M, Pirona L, et al. (September 2002). „p-Methylthioamphetamine and 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine, two non-neurotoxic 5-HT releasers in vivo, differ from neurotoxic amphetamine derivatives in their mode of action at 5-HT nerve endings in vitro”. Journal of Neurochemistry 82 (6): 1435–43. DOI:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01073.x. PMID 12354291.

Spoljašnje veze uredi

	Portal Medicina
	Portal Hemija

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[1] Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). „PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery.”. Drug Discov Today 15 (23-24): 1052-7. DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.003. PMID 20970519. edit

[2] Evan E. Bolton, Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. DOI:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.

[3] Hettne KM, Williams AJ, van Mulligen EM, Kleinjans J, Tkachenko V, Kors JA. (2010). „Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining”. J Cheminform 2 (1): 3. DOI:10.1186/1758-2946-2-3. PMID 20331846. edit

[4] US patent 3652589, Flick, Kurt; Frankus, Ernst, "1-(m-Substituted Phenyl)-2-Aminomethyl Cyclohexanols", granted 28. 3. 1972.

[5] Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Collart, L (1997). „Pharmacology of tramadol”. Drugs 53 Suppl 2: 18–24. DOI:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006. PMID 9190321.

[6] Lewis, KS; Han, NH (1997). „Tramadol: a new centrally acting analgesic”. American journal of health-system pharmacy 54 (6): 643–52. PMID 9075493.

[wipo.int-7] WO patent 2007070779, Singh, Chandra, "A Method to Treat Premature Ejaculation in Humans", granted 21. 6. 2007.

[pmid1596676-8] Driessen B, Reimann W (January 1992). „Interaction of the central analgesic, tramadol, with the uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain in vitro”. British Journal of Pharmacology 105 (1): 147–51. PMC 1908625. PMID 1596676.

[pmid9389855-9] Bamigbade TA, Davidson C, Langford RM, Stamford JA (September 1997). „Actions of tramadol, its enantiomers and principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, on serotonin (5-HT) efflux and uptake in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus”. British Journal of Anaesthesia 79 (3): 352–6. PMID 9389855.

[pmid9671098-10] Reimann W, Schneider F (May 1998). „Induction of 5-hydroxytryptamine release by tramadol, fenfluramine and reserpine”. European Journal of Pharmacology 349 (2-3): 199–203. DOI:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00195-2. PMID 9671098.

[pmid12354291-11] Gobbi M, Moia M, Pirona L, et al. (September 2002). „p-Methylthioamphetamine and 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine, two non-neurotoxic 5-HT releasers in vivo, differ from neurotoxic amphetamine derivatives in their mode of action at 5-HT nerve endings in vitro”. Journal of Neurochemistry 82 (6): 1435–43. DOI:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01073.x. PMID 12354291.

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