Bezvlašće (Engleska i Normandija)
Bezakonje (engl. The Anarchy) je bio građanski rat u Engleskoj i Normandiji između 1135. i 1154., koji je odlikovao slom reda i zakona. Sukob je nastao zbog krize o nasleđivanju pri kraju vladavine Henrija I, kada se kraljev jedini zakoniti sin Vilijam Adelin udavio u brodolomu Belog broda 1120. Henrijevi pokušaji da postavi svoju kćerku Matildu za svog naslednika su bili neuspešni, kada je nakon njegove smrti 1135. njegov nećak Stiven od Bloa preuzeo vlast uz pomoć svog brata, biskupa Henrija od Vinčestera. Početak Stivenove vladavine je bio obeležen žestokim sukobima sa engleskim baronima, pobunjenim velškim vođama i škotskim invazijama. Nakon velike pobune na jugozapadu Engleske, Matilda je izvršila invaziju na Englesku uz pomoć svog polubrata Roberta od Glostera.
Nijedna strana nije uspevala da ondese odlučnu prednost u prvim godinama rata. Matilda je kontrolisala jugozapad Engleske i dolinu Temze, dok je Stiven kontrolisao jugoistok. Zamkovi iz ovog perioda su bili lako branjivi i većina borbi je bilo iscrpljujućeg karatera i obuhvatala je opsade, prepade i čarke između vojski vitezova i pešadinaca, od kojih su mnogi bili plaćenici. Stiven je 1141. zarobljen nakon bitke kod Linkolna, što je izazvalo kolaps njegovog autoriteta u većem delu zemlje. Matildu je iz Londona proterala neprijateljski raspoložena masa pre nego što je stigla da bude krunisana za kraljicu. Ubrzo nakon toga je zarobljen Robert posle bitke kod Vinčestera i dve strane su se složile da razmene zarobenike. Stiven je umalo zarobio Matildu 1142. tokom opsade Oksforda, ali je Matilda pobegla iz oksfordskog zamka na sigurno preko zaleđene Temze.
Rat se nastavio još mnogo godina. Matiltid suprug Žofrua od Anžuja je uspešno pokorio Normadiju, ali u Engleskoj nijedna strana nije mogla da odnese pobedu. Pobunjeni baroni su počeli da stiču još veću moć u severnoj Engleskoj i Istočnoj Angliji, sa velikim razaranjima u oblastima većih borbi. Matilda se 1148. vratila u Normandiju, ostaviši svog sina Henrija da vodio rat u Engleskoj. Stivenu nije uspelo da ubedi crkvu u Engleskoj da prizna njegovog sina za sledećeg kralja Engleske. Do početka 1150ih baroni i Crkva su želeli dugotrajniji mir.
Kada je Henri ponovo napao Englesku 1153. vojske obe strane nisu bile voljne da ratuju. Nakon ograničenog pohoda i opsade Volingforda, Stiven i Henri su dogovorili Vinčesterski mir, kojim je Stiven priznao Henrija za svog naslednika. Stiven je umro sledeće godine i Henri II je započeo dug period obnove Engleske. Hroničari su opisivali ovaj period kao onaj u kom su „Hrist i njegove sveci zaspali“, a viktorijanski istoričari su nazvali sukob „bezakonjem“ zbog haosa, mada današnji istoričari spore tačnost tog izraza i tadašnjih istorijskih navoda.[1]
Reference
uredi- ↑ Bradbury 2009: str. 215
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