Songbun

Rajčice, koje su potpuno crvene do jezgre, smatraju se dostojnim komunistima; za jabuke, koje su crvene samo na površini, smatra se da trebaju ideološko poboljšanje; a grožđe je potpuno izgubljeno.

—Tri temeljne društvene klase se metaforički opisuju kao rajčice, jabuke i grožđe.^[1]

Songbun (korejski: 출신성분) je sustav pripisanog društvenog položaja koji postoji u Sjevernoj Koreji. Temeljem političke, društvene i ekonomske pozadine njegovih predaka te ponašanja rodbine, određuje se može li se određenoj osobi povjeriti odgovornost, ima li pravo na napredak u Sjevernoj Koreji^[2] te čak treba li dobivati adekvatnu hranu.^[3] Songbun izravno utječe na mogućnosti obrazovanja i zaposlenja, a posebice sposobnost određene osobe da se pridruži Radničkoj partiji.^[1]^[2]

Geneza Songbuna može se pronaći u dekretu naziva "O transformaciji borbe s kontrarevolucionarnim elementima u općenarodni, općepartijski pokret", kojeg je politbiro Radničke partije donio 1957. godine.^[4] Postoje ukupno tri glavne skupine te oko 50 podskupina, a prve je u govoru 1958. godine definirao Kim Il-sung. Društvena stratifikacija prema Songbunu izgleda ovako:^[3]

"Jezgrena klasa", koja sačinjava oko 25% sjevernokorejskog društva i uglavnom se radi o onima čija se obitelj istakla u borbi protiv japanske okupacije ili o onima koji su od 1950. godine bili tvornički radnici, fizički radnici ili seljaci.
"Kolebljiva klasa", koja sačinjava oko 55% stanovništva i uglavnom se radi o prosječnim građanima bez jasnih afilijacija prema ijednoj od drugih skupina.^[5]
"Neprijateljska klasa", koja sačinjava oko 20% stanovništva i uglavnom je rezervirana za prijašnje zemljoposjednike, trgovce, odvjetnike i svećenike te se smatra potencijalno subverzivnim elementom sjevernokorejskog društva.^[6]

Prema izvještajima CIA-jine analitičarke Helen-Louise Hunter, obavještajni službenici i članovi partije čuvaju podatke o svakom građaninu,^[1] koji se ažuriraju svake dvije godine.^[3] Prema njezinom mišljenju, najviša klasa predstavlja 30%, kao i ona najniža, dok srednja klasa predstavlja oko 40% stanovnika.^[7] Američka novinarka Barbara Demick smatra kako takav sustav nije javno poznat te kako djeca u Sjevernoj Koreji odrastaju bez znanja o tome,^[8] a s njom se slaže i Hunterova, koja tvrdi kako Songbun nikada nije službeno objavljen i definiran.^[9] Songbun je imao znatno velik utjecaj u doba Kim Il-sunga, praktički presudan, dok je već u Kim Jong-ilovo doba njegov utjecaj znatno oslabio; puno važniji postao je novac.^[10] Službena Sjeverna Koreja odbija sve izvještaje i materijale koji pokušavaju dokazati postojanje ovoga sustava, smatrajući ih nepouzdanima; tvrdi kako su svi građani Sjeverne Koreje jednaki te poriče postojanje bilo kakve diskriminacije temeljem porijekla.^[11]

Reference uredi

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Helen-Louise Hunter; foreword by Stephen J. Solarz (1999). Kim Il-song's North Korea. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger. str. 3-11, 31-33. ISBN 0-275-96296-2.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Matthew McGrath (June 7, 2012). „Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System”. NK News. Pristupljeno June 8, 2012.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Robert Collins (June 6, 2012). Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-04-20. Pristupljeno June 8, 2012.
↑ Andrei Lankov, “The Repressive System And The Political Control In North Korea,” in Severnaia Koreia: vchera i segodnia (North Korea: Yesterday and Today) (Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 1995
↑ B.R. Myers (2010). The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. Hoboken, NJ: Melville House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-933633-91-6.
↑ Jerry Winzig. „A Look at North Korean Society” (book review of Kim Il-song's North Korea by Helen-Louise Hunter). winzigconsultingservices.com. Pristupljeno June 8, 2011. »In North Korea, one's songbun, or socio-economic and class background, is extremely important and is primarily determined at birth. People with the best songbun are descendants of the anti-Japanese guerrillas who fought with Kim Il-song, followed by people whose parents or grandparents were factory workers, laborers, or poor, small farmers in 1950. "Ranked below them in descending order are forty-seven distinct groups in what must be the most class-differentiated society in the world today." Anyone with a father, uncle, or grandfather who owned land or was a doctor, Christian minister, merchant, or lawyer has low songbun.«
↑ Helen-Louise Hunter,Kim Il-song's North Korea, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1999, pp 4-5.
↑ Demick, p 28.
↑ Helen-Louise Hunter,Kim Il-song's North Korea, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1999, pp 3, 6.
↑ Andrei Lankov (2011-12-03). „North Korea's new class system”. Asia Times. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-06-01. Pristupljeno 2012-07-01.
↑ KINU White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2011, p. 216, 225

Vanjske poveznice uredi

„Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System”. Robert Collins, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. – Detailed description of the North Korean classification system and its impact on people’s lives
„Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman”. United Nations Human Rights Council. – Annex E. Discrimination: Division of society into three different groups of allegiance to the regime (p. 23)
„White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2011”. Korean Institute for National Unification (KINU). – The Reality of Civil and Political Rights 4. The Right to Equality (p. 219 – 224)
„World Report 2006: North Korea”. Human Rights Watch. – Discrimination in Education, Jobs, and Health Care
„Political Classification and Social Structure in North Korea”. Kongdan Oh , Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs. – Testimony about the North Korean regime's political classification system
„The Repressive System and Political Control in North Korea”. Dr. Andrei Lankov. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-03-10. Pristupljeno 2015-09-02. – Division of the North Korean population into groups
„Effective Immobilization: Social Classification within North Koreain Comparison with Burakumin and the Untouchables”. Sarah E. Kirsch. – Songbun, North Korea’s social classification system
„North Korea's Concentration Camps for Political Prisoners”. Hwang Jang-yop, Daily NK. – Who are the people in the concentration camps: Persons with bad security ratings (hostile class) and their families
"Robert Collins: Songbun enters into everything"
"Marcus Noland: Fissures within even the core class"
"Andrew Natsios: Songbun system causes death through malnourishment"

[H-LH-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Helen-Louise Hunter; foreword by Stephen J. Solarz (1999). Kim Il-song's North Korea. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger. str. 3-11, 31-33. ISBN 0-275-96296-2.

[NKSongbun-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Matthew McGrath (June 7, 2012). „Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System”. NK News. Pristupljeno June 8, 2012.

[HRNKSongbun-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Robert Collins (June 6, 2012). Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-04-20. Pristupljeno June 8, 2012.

[4] Andrei Lankov, “The Repressive System And The Political Control In North Korea,” in Severnaia Koreia: vchera i segodnia (North Korea: Yesterday and Today) (Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 1995

[BR_Myers-5] B.R. Myers (2010). The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. Hoboken, NJ: Melville House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-933633-91-6.

[BRHLH-6] Jerry Winzig. „A Look at North Korean Society” (book review of Kim Il-song's North Korea by Helen-Louise Hunter). winzigconsultingservices.com. Pristupljeno June 8, 2011. »In North Korea, one's songbun, or socio-economic and class background, is extremely important and is primarily determined at birth. People with the best songbun are descendants of the anti-Japanese guerrillas who fought with Kim Il-song, followed by people whose parents or grandparents were factory workers, laborers, or poor, small farmers in 1950. "Ranked below them in descending order are forty-seven distinct groups in what must be the most class-differentiated society in the world today." Anyone with a father, uncle, or grandfather who owned land or was a doctor, Christian minister, merchant, or lawyer has low songbun.«

[7] Helen-Louise Hunter,Kim Il-song's North Korea, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1999, pp 4-5.

[8] Demick, p 28.

[9] Helen-Louise Hunter,Kim Il-song's North Korea, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1999, pp 3, 6.

[Lankov2011-10] Andrei Lankov (2011-12-03). „North Korea's new class system”. Asia Times. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-06-01. Pristupljeno 2012-07-01.

[11] KINU White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2011, p. 216, 225

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