Siward od Northumbrije

Siward ili Sigurd (staroengleski: Sigeweard)[1] bio je važni earl (feudalni velmoža) u Engleskoj sredinom 11. vijeka. U tadašnjim historijskim izvorima se za njega koristi staronordijski nadimak Digri i latinski prijevod Grossus ("Gordi").[2] Vjeruje se kako je Siward bio skandinavskog porijekla, vjerojatno rodbinski povezan sa Earlom Ulfom, te postao važan regionalni velikaš za vrijeme vladavine dansko-engleskog kralja Knuta (1016–1035). Vjeruje se kako je došao iz Skandinavije te postepeno postao gospodar najvećeg dijela sjeverne Engleske. Najkasnije od 1033. Siward je kontrolirao južnu Northumbriju (današnji Yorkshire) i vladao u Knutovo ime.

Siward
Earl of Northumbria
Detalj slike Death of Earl Siward (James Smetham, 1861)
Vladavina 1041–55
Sigvarðr Diger
Titule također earl u Yorku od 1023x33
Rođen/a nepoznato
Skandinavija
Umro/la 1055
Sahranjen/a crkva St Olaf u Yorku
Prethodnik Erik od Hlathira (za York)
Eadulf (za Bamburgh)
Uhtred Odvažni (za oboje)
Nasljednik Tostig Godwinson
Supruga/supruge Ælfflæd
Godgifu
Otac Bjorn (?)
Majka nepoznato

Svoj je položaj ojačao oženivši se za Ælfflæd, kćer Ealdreda, earla od Bamburgha. Nakon što je 1041. likvidirao Ealdredovog nasljednika Eadulfa stekao je kontrolu nad cijelom Northumbrijom. Svoju je vlast dodatno proširio pod Knutovim nasljednicima - kraljevima Hartkanutom i Edwardom - pružajući im vojnu pomoć i služeći kao savjetnik. Vjeruje se kako je 1050-ih stekao vlast nad pokrajinama Northampton i Huntingdon, a postoje indicije da se northumbrijska vlast proširila na Cumberland. Početkom 1050-ih se earl Siward okrenuo na sjever, protiv škotskog vladara Mac Bethad mac Findlaícha ("Macbeth"). Iako je u tom pohodu poginuo Siwardov sin Osbjorn, Siward je uspio poraziti Mac Bethada u bitci 1054. Ti su događaji više od pola milenijuma kasnije ovjekovečeni kao dio zapleta znamenite Shakespearove tragedije Macbeth. Siward je umro godine 1055. ostavivši sina Waltheofa, koji će kasnije također postati gospodar Northumbrije. Crkva St Olaf's u Yorku i obližnje brdo Heslington Hill se danas tradicionalno povezuju sa Siwardom.

Izvori uredi

  1. Englesko ime Siward ili Sigeweard je bilo ekvivalent staronordijskog imena koje se pisalo kao Sigvarðr i Sigurðr; see Holman, Northern Conquest, p. 103; Munch (ed.), Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum, vol. i, p. 140; Stevenson, Simeon of Durham, p. 119
  2. Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward, p. 35 (= Vita Ædwardi, i. 3); Aird, "Siward"; see also reference in on the Vita Waldevi below

Literatura uredi

  • Aird, William M. (1998), St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham, 1071–1153, Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-615-0, ISSN 0955-2480 
  • Aird, William M. (2004), „Siward, earl of Northumbria (d. 1055), magnate”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, pristupljeno 2009-06-28 
  • Aitchison, Nick (1999), Macbeth: Man and Myth, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-1891-8 
  • Barlow, Frank (1970), Edward the Confessor, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, ISBN 0-413-27830-1 
  • Bartlett, Robert (2000), England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, New Oxford History of England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-925101-0 
  • Baxter, Stephen (2007), The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-923098-3 
  • Bolton, Timothy (2009), The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century, The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D.: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, volume 40, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16670-7, ISSN 1569-1462 
  • Bolton, Timothy (2007), „Was the Family of Earl Siward and Earl Waltheof a Lost Line of the Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?”, Nottingham Medieval Studies 51: 41–71, ISSN 0078-2122 
  • Broun, Dauvit (2007), Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain: From the Picts to Alexander III, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-2360-4 
  • Broun, Dauvit (2004), „The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, c.900–c.1200”, The Innes Review: the Journal of the Scottish Catholic Association 55 (2): 111–80, DOI:10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111, ISSN 0020-157X 
  • Cain, Tom (1987), „An Introduction to the Rutland Domesday”, Williams, Ann; Erskine, R. W. H., The Northamptonshire and Rutland Domesday, Alecto County Edition of Domesday Book, 1, London: Alecto Historical Editions, pp. 18–34, ISBN 0-948459-39-5 
  • Christiansen, Eric (1980), Saxon Grammaticus Books X–XVI. The Text of the First Edition with Translation and Commentary in Three Volumes. Vol. I: Books X, XI, XII and XIII, BAR International Series 84, Oxford: B. A. R., ISBN 0-86054-097-9 
  • Clarke, Peter A. (1994), The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor, Oxford Historical Monographs, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-820442-6 
  • Crouch, David (1992), The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-01911-7 
  • Dalton, Paul (1994), Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship. Yorkshire, 1066–1154, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th Series, xxvii, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45098-5 
  • Daniell, Christopher (1970), Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066–1550, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-11629-5 
  • Duncan, A. A. M. (2002), The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1626-8 
  • Fleming, Robin (1991), Kings & Lords in Conquest England, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, volume 15, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39309-4 
  • Fletcher, Richard (2003), Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-028692-6 
  • Gransden, Antonia (1997), Historical Writing in England, 1, , c. 550–c.1307, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15124-4 
  • Green, Judith (2002), The Aristocracy of Norman England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52465-2 
  • Harmer, F. E. (1952), Anglo-Saxon Writs, The Ward Bequest, volume 10, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-86054-097-9 
  • Holman, Katharine (2007), The Northern Conquest, Vikings in Britain and Ireland, Oxford: Signal Books, ISBN 978-1-904955-34-4 
  • Kapelle, William E. (1979), The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000–1135, London: Croom Helm Ltd, ISBN 0-7099-0040-6 
  • Keynes, Simon (2002), An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066, ASNC Guides, Texts, and Studies, 5, Cambridge: Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic Studies, University of Cambridge, ISBN 0-9532697-6-0, ISSN 1475-8520 
  • Keynes, Simon (1994), „Cnut's Earls”, Rumble, Alexander R., The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 43–88, ISBN 0-7185-1455-6 
  • Lawson, M. K. (1993), Cnut: The Danes in England in the Early Eleventh Century, London: Longman, ISBN 0-582-05970-4 
  • Lewis, C. P. (1991), „An Introduction to the Lancashire Domesday”, Williams, Ann; Erskine, R. W. H., The Lancashire Domesday, Alecto County Edition of Domesday Book, 24, London: Alecto Historical Editions, pp. 1–41, ISBN 0-948459-99-9 
  • Lewis, C. P. (2004), „Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (c.1050–1076), magnate”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, pristupljeno 2009-06-28 
  • Mason, Emma (2004), The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty, London: Hambledon and London, ISBN 1-85285-389-1 
  • Maund, K. L. (1988), „The Welsh Alliances of Earl Ælfgar of Mercia”, Brown, R. Allen, Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, XI, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, pp. 181–90, ISBN 0-85115-526-X, ISSN 0954-9927 
  • Morris, Christopher J. (1992), Marriage and Murder in eleventh-century Northumbria: a study of 'De Obsessiones Dunelmi', Borthwick Paper No. 82, York: Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, ISSN 0524-0913 
  • Olrik, Axel (1908–9), „Siward Digri of Northumberland”, Saga-Book of the Viking Club VI: 212–37, ISSN 0305-9219 
  • Oram, Richard (2004), David I : The King Who Made Scotland, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-2825-X 
  • Panzer, Friedrich (1996), Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. Vol. I, 2 vols. (reprinted Wiesbaden : Sändig, 1969 izd.), Munich: Beck 
  • Phythian-Adams, Charles (1996), Land of the Cumbrians: A Study in British Provincial Origins A.D. 400–1120, Aldershot: Scolar Press, ISBN 1-85928-327-6 
  • Rauer, Christine (2000), Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, ISBN 0-85991-592-1 
  • Ritchie, R. L. Græme (1954), The Normans in Scotland, Edinburgh University Publications: History, Philosophy and Economics No. 4, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 
  • Rollason, David (2003), Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-04102-3 
  • Sawyer, Peter (1994), „Cnut's Scandinavian Empire”, Rumble, Alexander R., The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 10–22, ISBN 0-7185-1455-6 
  • Scott, Forrest S. (1952), „Earl Waltheof of Northumbria”, Archaeologia Aeliana: the Publications of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, Fourth Series XXX: 149–215, ISSN 0261-3417 
  • Stenton, Frank M. (1971), Anglo-Saxon England (3rd izd.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5 
  • Thomson, R. M. (2004), „Malmesbury, William of (b. c.1090, d. in or after 1142), historian, man of letters, and Benedictine monk”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, pristupljeno 2009-06-28 
  • Watkins, Carl (1996), „The Cult of Earl Waltheof at Crowland”, Hagiographica : rivista di agiografia e biografia della Società internazionale per lo studio del Medio Evo Latino (Turnhout: Brepols) III: 95–111, ISSN 1124-1225 
  • Williams, Ann (1986), „'Cockles amongst the wheat': Danes and English in the Western Midlands in the First Half of the Eleventh Century”, Midland History 11: 1–22, ISSN 0047-729X, arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-03-16, pristupljeno 2012-11-21 
  • Williams, Ann (1995), The English and the Norman Conquest, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-588-X 
  • Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5 
  • Wright, C. E. (1939), The Cultivation of Saga in Anglo-Saxon England, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd