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Immanuel Kant

„Kant” preusmjerava ovdje. Za ostala značenja, v. Kant (razvrstavanje).

Immanuel Kant (22.4. 1724. - 12.2. 1804.) njemački je filozof koji se smatra posljednjim velikim misliocem razdoblja Prosvjetiteljstva. Poznat je po filozofskoj doktrini koja se naziva transcendentalni idealizam. Poznat je i po svojim djelima na polju etike, i po tome što je formulirao kategorički imperativ.[1]

Immanuel Kant
filozofija 18. vijeka
Zapadna filozofija
Biografske informacije
Rođenje(1724-04-22)22. 4. 1724.
Königsberg, Pruska
(danas Kalinjingrad, Rusija)
Smrt12. 2. 1804. (dob: 79)
Königsberg, Pruska
NacionalnostNijemac
Filozofija
Škola/Tradicijakantijanstvo
prosvjetiteljstvo
Glavni interesiepistemologija •metafizika
etika •logika
Znamenite ideje
Inspiracija
Od
Potpis

On je imao veliki uticaj na romantičke i idealističke filozofe devetnaestog stoljeća, i njegov rad je bio polazna tačka za Hegela. Zajedno sa Hegelom, Fitheom i Šelingom pripadao je klasičnom njemačkom idealizmu ili u njegovom ličnom slučaju transcendentalnom idealizmu. Kantova filozofija se može podijeliti u dva perioda: "do kritički period" i "kritički period".

  • U do-kritičkom periodu Kant se bavi materijalističkim tumačenjem svijeta. Svoju teoriju o nastanku kosmosa iznio je u djelu "Opća historija prirode i teorija neba" (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels, 1755). U ovom djelu on je predvidio postojanje planete Uran, koja će 1881. godine biti i otkrivena.
  • U kritičkom periodu on daje kritiku predhodne filozofije (filozofije svojih predhodnika) i potpuno prelazi na idealizam. U ovom periodu je napisao svoja najveća djela:[2]
  1. Kritika čistog uma - o spoznaji
  2. Kritika praktičnog uma - o etici
  3. Kritika rasudne snage/Kritika moći suđenja- o umjetnosti

Gnoseologija uredi

U svojoj gnoseologiji (teoriji spoznaje), Kant je napravio tako zvani "kopernikanski obrt". Tvrdio je da se naša spoznaja ne prilagođava predmetima spoznaje već obrnuto, predmeti spoznaje se moraju prilagođavati našim mogućnostima spoznaje. Čitava spoznaja se zasniva na a priornim kategorijama i prolazi kroz tri stupnja:

  1. Čulna spoznaja
  2. Razumska spoznaja
  3. Umska spoznaja
  1. Čulna spoznaja povezuje osjete u opažaje. To je spoznaja samo pojavnih stvari i suština se ne može spoznati. Čulni sadržaji se uklapaju u prostor i vrijeme i izvan njih nema nikakvih doživljaja; gdje prostor predstavlja oblik vanjskih opažaja a vrijeme oblik unutrašnjih opažaja.
  1. Razumska spoznaja je sinteza čulnih podataka. Ona se sastoji iz dvanaest kategorija razuma i uspostavlja uzročno-posljedične veze. Ovdje se javljaju analitički i sintetički sudovi. Analitički sudovi su a priorni i oni ne proširuju znanje dok sintetički sudovi proširuju znanje.
  1. U umskoj spoznaji imamo a priorne ideje, i tu se želi preći granice iskustva. Ovdje se ne otkriva "stvar o sebi". Kant je smatrao da je "stvar o sebi" suština svih stvari. Ona je transcendentalna, podstiće savjest na stvaranje kategorija. Ni umska spoznaja ne može otkriti "stvar o sebi".

Etičko učenje uredi

Kant je dao svoje etičko učenje u djelu "Kritiča praktičnog uma" (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788). U tumačenju etike Kant polazi od pojma dobre volje. Za njega to je dobro po sebi, bez ikakvih ograničenja, koje ima jedinu svrhu ispunjenje dužnosti odnosno poštovanje zakona. Moralno djelovanje se zasniva na samokontroli jer svaki čovjek već ima a priorni zakon koji nam naređuje kako da se ponašamo. Taj moralni zakon Kant naziva kategoričkim imperativom. Kant je dao više definicija kategoričkog imperativa. Jedna od tih je: "Radi tako da princip tvoga rada može postati princip rada svih drugih". Mada svaki čovjek ima u svojoj svijesti moralni zakon od njegove volje zavisi hoće li ga poštovati ili ne. Tako je moralni zakon uslov "praktičnog uma".

Problem estetike uredi

Kant je dao svoje mišljenje o estetici u svojoj knjizi "Kritika rasudne snage" ili "Kritika moći suđenja" (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790). U Kantovoj terminologiji estetika se ne odnosi na filozofiju umjetnosti, već na nešto čulno ili osjetilno. Kant tvrdi da je doživljaj ljepote zasnovan na bezinteresnom sviđanju oblika umjetničkog djela. Lijepo je ono što se svima bez interesa nameće kao takvo.

Kantova nauka o religiji uredi

Temeljne misli svoje filozofske nauke o religiji Kant razvija u djelu Religija unutar granica čistoga uma. On tu razlaže umsku vjeru u njezinom odnosu prema crkvenoj vjeri.

U četiri dijela govori o:

  • radikalnom zlu unutar ljudske naravi
  • borbi dobrog i zlog principa za gospodovanje nad čovjekom
  • pobjedi dobrog principa nad zlim i uspostavljanje Božjeg kraljevstva na zemlji
  • pravoj i lošoj službi pod gospodstvom dobrog principa ili o religiji.

Osnovna terminologija Kantove filozofije uredi

  • A priori = nešto što je prije iskustva, odnosno, nešto što je nezavisno od iskustva
  • A posteriori = ono što je poslije iskustva, odnosno, ono što je iz iskustva
  • Imanentno = unutra, u iskustvu
  • Transcendentno = sa one strane; prelazi granice iskustva
  • Transcendentalno= uslov iskustva; ono što je izvan iskustva ali omogućava iskustvo
  • Estetika = od riječi aestetos što znači čulno, osjetilno

Reference uredi

  1. ↑ „Immanuel Kant (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)”. Plato.stanford.edu. 20 May 2010. Pristupljeno 2011-10-22. 
  2. ↑ Kant, Immanuel; Kitcher, Patricia (intro.); Pluhar, W. (trans.) (1996). Critique of Pure Reason. Indianapolis: Hackett. xxviii. 

Literatura uredi

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  • Phillips, Dewi et al. (eds.). Kant and Kierkegaard on Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2000, ISBN 0-312-23234-9 Collection of essays about Kantian religion and its influence on Kierkegaardian and contemporary philosophy of religion.
  • Proceedings of the International Kant Congresses. Several Congresses (numbered) edited by various publishers.
  • Allison, Henry. Kant's Transcendental Idealism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983, 2004. ISBN 0-300-03629-9, ISBN 0-300-03002-9 (a very influential defense of Kant's idealism, recently revised).
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  • Banham, Gary. Kant's Transcendental Imagination London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze, Gilles. Kant's Critical Philosophy. Trans., Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. University of Minnesota Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8166-1341-9, ISBN 0-8166-1436-9
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  • Greenberg, Robert. Kant's Theory of A Priori Knowledge. Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02083-0
  • Guyer, Paul. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (modern defense of the view that Kant's theoretical philosophy is a "patchwork" of ill-fitting arguments).
  • Guyer, Paul. Knowledge, Reason, and Taste: Kant's Response to Hume. Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • Martin Heidegger. Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. Trans., Richard Taft. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-253-21067-4
  • Henrich, Dieter. The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant's Philosophy. Ed. with introduction by Richard L. Velkley; trans. Jeffrey Edwards et al. Harvard University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-674-92905-5
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  • Kitcher, Patricia. Kant's Transcendental Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • Longuenesse, Béatrice. Kant and the Capacity to Judge. Princeton University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-691-04348-5. (argues that the notion of judgment provides the key to understanding the overall argument of the first Critique)
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  • Paton, H. J. Kant's Metaphysic of Experience: a Commentary on the First Half of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Two volumes. London: Macmillan, 1936. (extensive study of Kant's theoretical philosophy)
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  • Allison, Henry. Kant's Theory of Taste: A Reading of the Critique of Aesthetic Judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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  • Sir Harry Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace, Cambridge University Press, 1962.
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  • Perez, D. O. . Os significados dos conceitos de hospitalidade em Kant e a problemática do estrangeiro. Revista Philosophica (Chile), v. 31, p. 43–53, 2007. Também em Konvergencias, 2007, nro. 15. UCV.cl Arhivirano 2010-01-22 na Wayback Machine-u, Konvergencias.net Arhivirano 2011-07-23 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Perez, D. O. A loucura como questão semântica:uma interpretação kantiana. Trans/Form/Ação, São Paulo, 32(1): 95–117, 2009. Scielo.br
  • White, Mark D. Kantian Ethics and Economics: Autonomy, Dignity, and Character. Stanford University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8047-6894-8. (Reviewed in The Montreal Review)
  • Guyer, Paul. Kant and The Claims of Taste. Harvard University Press, 1979. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Guyer, Paul. Kant and The Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  • Guyer, Paul. Knowledge, Reason, and Taste: Kant's Response to Hume. Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • Hanna, Robert, Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Clarendon Press, 2004.
  • Hanna, Robert, Kant, Science, and Human Nature. Clarendon Press, 2006.
  • Herman, Barbara. The Practice of Moral Judgement. Harvard University Press, 1993.
  • Korsgaard, Christine. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge; New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-49644-6, ISBN 0-521-49962-3 (pbk.) (not a commentary, but a defense of a broadly Kantian approach to ethics)
  • John McDowell. Mind and World. Harvard University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-674-57609-8. (offers a Kantian solution to a dilemma in contemporary epistemology regarding the relation between mind and world)
  • Derek Parfit. On What Matters (2 vols). New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-926592-3
  • Steven Pinker. The Stuff of Thought. Viking Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-670-06327-7. (Chapter 4 "Cleaving the Air" discusses Kant's anticipation of modern cognitive science)
  • Wood, Allen. Kant's Ethical Thought. Cambridge; New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-64836-X. (comprehensive, in-depth study of Kant's ethics, with emphasis on formula of humanity as most accurate formulation of the categorical imperative)

Spoljašnje veze uredi

Izvor: https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=41809804