Penda od Mercije – razlika između verzija

'''Penda''' (? - 15. novembar 655)<ref name="fn_1">Rukopis A ''[[Anglosakonska kronika|Anglosaksonske kronike]]'' navodi godinu 655. Beda Uvaženi također navodi godinu 655. zajedno sa preciznim datumom - 15. novembrom. R. L. Poole (''Studies in Chronology and History'', 1934) je postavio hipotezui po kojoj je Beda godine započinjao u septembru, te bi novembar 655. u stvari trebao biti novembar 654; Frank Stenton također navodi istu hipotezu u knjizi ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (1943).^{[[#References|1]]} Ostali historičari Bedu tumače na tradicionalni način, smatrajući kako su Bedine godine započinjale 25. decembra ili 1. januara (see S. Wood, 1983: "Bede's Northumbrian dates again"<!--''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 98, No. 387, April 1983, pages 280–296-->). Historičar D. P. Kirby je naveo godinu 656. kao jednu od mogućnosti, ako je moguće da je Beda promašio za godinu dana (see Kirby's "Bede and Northumbrian Chronology", 1963<!--''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 78, No. 308, July 1963, pages 514–27.-->). ''[[Annales Cambriae]]'' navode godinu 657. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html Annales Cambriae at Fordham University]</ref> je bio [[Popis monarha Mercije|kralj]] [[Mercije]], [[Heptarhija|anglosaksonkog kraljevstva]] u današnjem [[English Midlands|Midlandsu]]. Bio je jedan od posljednjih velikih [[Anglosaksonski politeizam|paganpaganskih]]skih vladara u vrijeme kada je [[kršćanstvo]] hvatalo korijenje među mnogim [[anglosaksonci|anglosaksonskim]] kraljevstvima. Godine 628. Penda je zauzeo [[Severn Valley (Engleska)|odlinu Severna]] nakon [[Bitka kod Cirencester|bitke kod Cirecenstera]], a 633. sudjelovao u koaliciji koja će poraziti moćnog [[nortumbrija|nortumbrijskog]] [[monarh|kralja]] [[Edwin od Nortumbrije|Edwina]] u [[Bitka kod Hatfield Chasea|bitci kod Hatfield Chasea]].<ref name="fn_2">Beda za Hatfield navodi godinu 633. (kao i ''Anglosaksonska kronika''); ako se prihvati hipoteza da su Bedine godine počinjale u septembru, onda bi oktobar 633. u stvari trebao biti oktobar 632, a to ponekad prihvaćaju moderni historičari kao Stenon. Kirby je sugerirao godinu 634, smatrajući da je Beda godine navodio ranije. Beda za Hatfield navodi datum 12. oktobra. Rukipis ''Kronike'' navodi 14. oktobra.</ref>

== Literatura ==

* ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', translated and edited by M. J. Swanton (1996), paperback, ISBN 0-415-92129-5.

* S. Bassett (ed.), ''The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms'' (1989).

* Bede, ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' (731), [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book2.html Book II] and [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book3.html Book III.]

* A. Breeze, "The Battle of the ''Uinued'' and the River Went, Yorkshire", ''Northern History'', Vol. 41, Issue 2 (September 2004), pages 377–83.

* D. J. V. Fisher, ''The Anglo-Saxon Age'' (1973), Longman, hardback, ISBN 0-582-48277-1, pages 66 and 117–118.

* Filppula, M., Klemola, J., Paulasto, H., and Pitkanen, H., (2008) English and Celtic in Contact, Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26602-5

<!--#Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''The History of the Kings of Britain'' (''c.'' 1136), translated by L. Thorpe (1966), paperback, Penguin, ISBN 01404417000-14-044170-0-->

* Henry of Huntingdon, ''Historia Anglorum'', translated by D. Greenway (1997), Oxford University Press.

* N. J. Higham, ''The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England'' (1997), pages 219, 240 and 241.

* The ''Historia Brittonum'', [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.html Chapters 60 and 65.]

* D. P. Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'' (1991), second edition (2000), Routledge, paperback, ISBN 0-415-24211-8.

* J. O. Prestwich, "King Æthelhere and the battle of the Winwaed," ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 83, No. 326 (January 1968), pages 89–95.

* John Rhys, ''Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx'' (Oxford University Press 1901).

* P. Sims-Williams, ''Religion and Literature [in Western England, 600–800'' (Cambridge 1990).

* C. Stancliffe and E. Cambridge (ed.), ''Oswald: Northumbrian King to European Saint'' (1995, reprinted 1996), Paul Watkins, paperback.

* F. M. Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (1943), third edition (1971), [[Oxford University Press]], paperback (1989, reissued 1998), ISBN 0-19-282237-3.

* M. Ziegler, "[http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2pen.htm The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria]", ''The Heroic Age'', Issue 2, Autumn/Winter 1999.