Otapalo – razlika između verzija

Uklonjeni sadržaj Dodani sadržaj
Nema sažetka izmjene
Kolega2357 (razgovor | doprinos)
m robot kozmetičke promjene
Red 5:
Koncentracija otopine je količina otopljenih materija u određenoj količini otapala. '''Rastvorljivost''' je maksimalna količina određene materije koju je moguće otopiti u određenom otapalu na datoj temperaturi. Prilikom rastvaranja supstanci vrijedi empirijsko pravilo: ''Slično se rastvara u sličnom'', dakle, polarne molekule se obično dobro rastvaraju u polarnim rastvaračima (npr. [[voda]], [[metanol]]), a nepolarne u nepolarnim ([[heksan]], [[benzen]]). Mjerilo polarnosti otapala je njegova [[dielektrična konstanta]].
 
== Podjela otapala ==
Otapala se dijele na ''nepolarna'', ''polarna - protonska'' (disocijacijom daju proton) i ''polarna - aprotonska'' (nemaju proton koji disocira). Otapala čija je dielektrična konstanta niža od 15 se smatraju nepolarnim.
 
Red 19:
| align="center" | [[Heksan]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 69 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 2.0
| align="center" | 0.655 g/ml
Red 25:
| align="center" | [[Benzen]]
| align="center" | C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>
| align="center" | 80 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 2.3
| align="center" | 0.879 g/ml
Red 31:
| align="center" | [[Toluen]]
| align="center" | C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 111 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 2.4
| align="center" | 0.867 g/ml
Red 37:
| align="center" | [[Dietil eter]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>-O-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 35 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 4.3
| align="center" | 0.713 g/ml
Red 43:
| align="center" | [[Hloroform]]
| align="center" | CHCl<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 61 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 4.8
| align="center" | '''1.498 g/ml'''
Red 49:
| align="center" | [[Etil acetat]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-C(=O)-O-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 77 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 6.0
| align="center" | 0.894 g/ml
Red 57:
| align="center" | [[1,4-dioksan]]
| align="center" | <u>/-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-O-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-O-\</u>
| align="center" | 101 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 2.3
| align="center" | '''1.033 g/ml'''
Red 63:
| align="center" | [[Tetrahidrofuran]] (THF)
| align="center" | <u>/-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-O-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-\</u>
| align="center" | 66 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 7.5
| align="center" | 0.886 g/ml
Red 69:
| align="center" | [[Dihlorometan]] (DCM)
| align="center" | CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
| align="center" | 40 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 9.1
| align="center" | '''1.326 g/ml''' <!-- ### Polarna aprotonska otapala ### -->
Red 75:
| align="center" | [[Aceton]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-C(=O)-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 56 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 21
| align="center" | 0.786 g/ml
Red 81:
| align="center" | [[Acetonitril]] (MeCN)
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-C≡N
| align="center" | 82 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 37
| align="center" | 0.786 g/ml
Red 87:
| align="center" | [[Dimetilformamid]] (DMF)
| align="center" | H-C(=O)N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
| align="center" | 153 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 38
| align="center" | 0.944 g/ml
Red 93:
| align="center" | [[Dimetil sulfoksid]] (DMSO)
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-S(=O)-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 189 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 47
| align="center" | '''1.092 g/ml'''<!-- ### Polarna protonska otapala ### -->
Red 101:
| align="center" | [[Acetatna kiselina]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-C(=O)OH
| align="center" | 118 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 6.2
| align="center" | '''1.049 g/ml'''
Red 107:
| align="center" | [[Butanol|''n''-Butanol]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-OH</sub>
| align="center" | 118 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" | 0.810 g/ml
Red 113:
| align="center" | [[Izopropanol]] (IPA)
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-CH(-OH)-CH<sub>3</sub>
| align="center" | 82 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" | 0.785 g/ml
Red 119:
| align="center" | [[1-Propanol|''n''-Propanol]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-OH</sub>
| align="center" | 97 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 20
| align="center" | 0.803 g/ml
Red 125:
| align="center" | [[Etanol]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-OH</sub>
| align="center" | 79 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 24
| align="center" | 0.789 g/ml
Red 131:
| align="center" | [[Metanol]]
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>-OH
| align="center" | 65 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 33
| align="center" | 0.791 g/ml
Red 137:
| align="center" | [[Formijatna kiselina]]
| align="center" | H-C(=O)OH
| align="center" | 100 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 58
| align="center" | '''1.21 g/ml'''
Red 143:
| align="center" | [[Voda]]
| align="center" | H-O-H
| align="center" | 100 &nbsp;°C
| align="center" | 80
| align="center" | 1.000 g/ml</table>
Red 152:
== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commonscat|Solvents}}
* [http://www.esig.org Solvents in Europe]
* [http://www.usm.maine.edu/~newton/Chy251_253/Lectures/Solvents/Solvents.html Table and text] O-Chem Lecture
* [http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/orgsoltab.htm Tables] Properties and toxicities of organic solvents
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/organsolv/ CDC - Organic Solvents - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic]
 
[[Kategorija:Rastvarači]]