Perzijski jezik – razlika između verzija
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[[Datoteka:Persian Language Location Map.svg|thumb|290px|Rasprostranjenost perzijskog jezika]]
'''Persijski''' ({{lang-fa|فارسی}} {{IPA-fa|Fārsi}} — farsi) je jedan od [[Zapadnoiranski jezici|zapadnoiranskih jezika]] unutar [[Indoiranski jezici|indoiranske grane]] [[Indoevropski jezici|indoevropske jezičke familije]], i [[Službeni jezik|službeni je jezik]] [[Iran]]a, [[Avganistan]]a (zvanično poznat kao '''[[Dari (jezik)|dari]]''' od 1958),<ref>Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press. (1995). str. 205.: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"</ref> i [[Tadžikistan]]a (zvanično poznat kao '''[[Tadžički jezik|tadžički]]''' od [[Savez Sovjetskih Socijalističkih Republika|sovjetske]] ere).{{sfn|Baker|2001|p=518}} Koristi se i u nekim drugim regijama koje su istorijski bile [[Persijansko društvo|persijanska društva]] i koje se smatraju delom [[Veliki Iran|Velikog Irana]]. Ovaj jezik se piše [[Persijski alfabet|persijskim alfabetom]], koji je modifikovana varijanta [[Arapski alfabet|arapskog alfabeta]].
Persijski jezik se klasifikuje kao nastavljanje [[Srednjovekovni persijski jezik|srednjovekovnog persijskog]], zvaničnog religioznog i književnog jezika [[Sasanidsko carstvo|Sasanidskog carstva]], koji je nastavljanje [[Staropersijski jezik|staropersijskog]], jezika [[Ahemenidsko carstvo|Ahemenidskog carstva]].<ref name="Lazard"/><ref>Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. str. 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]], the [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi language]] was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."</ref><ref>Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). ''Encyclopedia Iranica'', "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."</ref> Njegova gramatika je slična sa mnogim savremenim evropskim jezicima.{{sfn|Davis|2006|pp=602–603}} Persijski je dobio svoje ime po prestonici Ahemenidskog carstva, [[Persis]]u (sadašnja [[pokrajina Fars]]), stoga se naziva i '''''farsi'''''.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/Persian_or_Farsi.html | title = Persian or Farsi? | website = parents.berkeley.edu | accessdate = 27. 2. 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104105859/http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/Persian_or_Farsi.html | archive-date = 04. 01. 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Osoba koja govori persijski se može nazvati ''persofonom''.<ref>[https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/centralasia/research/current-research-projects/modernity-and-modernism-in-persophone-literary-history "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History"], Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</ref>
Procenjuje se da oko 110 milionna ljudi širom sveta govori persijski, pri čemu jezik ima zvanični status u [[Iran]]u, [[Avganistan]]u, i [[Tadžikistan]]u. Vekovima je persijski bio prestižni kulturni jezik u drugim regionima [[Jugozapadna Azija|zapadne]], [[Srednja Azija|centralne]], i [[Južna Azija|južne Azije]] u raznim carstvima baziranim u tim regionima.<ref name="Persian literature">Encyclopædia Britannica: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452843/Persian-literature/277134/The-proliferation-of-court-patronage?anchor=ref997402 Persian literature], retrieved September 2011.</ref>
Persijski je imao znatan (prevashodno [[Leksikografija|leksikografski]]) uticaj na susedne jezike, a posebno na [[Turkijski jezici|turkijske jezike]] u centralnoj Aziji, [[Kavkaz (regija)|Kavkazu]], i [[Anadolija|Anadoliji]], susedne [[Iranski jezici|iranske jezike]], kao i [[Jermenski jezik|jermenski]], [[Gruzinski jezik|gruzinski]], i [[Indoarijski jezici|indoarijske jezike]], posebno [[Urdu (jezik)|urdu]] (koji je u osnovi [[Hindi-urdu|hindustanskog]]). On je isto tako u izvesnoj meri uticao na [[Arapski jezik|arapski]], a posebno na [[bahranski arapski jezik]],<ref>{{harvnb|Holes|2001|pp=XXX}}</ref> ali je isto tako pozajmio znatan deo svog vokabulara iz njega nakon [[Muslimansko osvajanje Persije|arapskog osvajanja Irana]].<ref name="Lazard">Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. 4. str. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as [[Avestan]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], [[Sogdian language|Soghdian]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pashto]], etc., [[Old Persian]], [[Middle Persian|Middle]] and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in [[Fars Province|Fars]] (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."</ref>{{sfn|Davis|2006|pp=602–603}}<ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971">Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, ''Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky'', Edinburgh University Press. {{page|year=1971|id=|pages=}}</ref><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971" /><ref name="Nushin Namazi">{{cite web|url=http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327|title=Persian Loan Words in Arabic|last=Namazi|first=Nushin|year=2008|accessdate=1. 6. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520151330/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327|archive-date=20. 05. 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Classe 2000 1057">{{harvnb|Classe|2000|p=1057}}</ref><ref name="lambtonexcerpt">Ann K. S. Lambton, ''Persian grammar'', Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".</ref><ref>[http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=fas Most similar languages to Persian], ezglot.com</ref>
Sa dugom istorijom literature u obliku srednjovekovnog persijskog pre [[islam]]a, persijski je bio prvi jezik u [[Islamski svijet|muslimanskom svetu]] da se probije kroz [[Arapski jezik|arapski]] monopol nad pisanjem, i pisanje poezije u persijskom je uspostavljeno kao dvorska tradicija u mnogim istočnim dvorovima.<ref name="Persian literature"/> Neki od poznatih radova [[Persijska književnost|persijske literature]] su ''[[Šahname]]'' [[Firdusi]]ja, radovi [[Dželaludin Rumi|Rumija]], [[Rubaj Omar Hajam|Rubaj Omara Hajama]], ''Panđ ganđ'' [[Nezami Gandžavi]]ja, ''Divan'' [[Muhamed Šemsudin Hafiz|Muhameda Hafiza]] i dve mešavine proze i stihova [[Saadi]]ja - ''[[Đulistan]]'' i ''[[Bustan (knjiga)|Bustan]]''.
== Klasifikacija ==
Persijski je jedan od [[Zapadnoiranski jezici|zapadnoiranskih jezika]] unutar [[Indoevropski jezici|indoevropske familije]]. Drugi zapadnoiranski jezici su [[kurdski jezici]], [[Gilački jezik|gilanski]], [[Mazenderanski jezik|mazenderanski]], [[Tališki jezik|tališki]], i [[Belučki jezik|beludžiski]]. Persijski se klasifikuje kao član [[Jugozapadnoiranski jezici|jugozapadne grupe]] među zapadnoiranskim jezicima, zajedno sa [[Ahomski jezik|ahomskim]], [[Kumzarski jezik|kumzarskim]], i [[Lurijski jezik|lurijskim]] jezikom.<ref name="windfuhr1987">{{harvnb|Windfuhr|1987|pp=523–546}}</ref>
== Ime ==
Jezik se naziva ''farsi'' (فارسی) u Iranu i Avganistanu; ''parsi'' (پارسی) je staro ime koje je potisnuto, jer simbol za „p“ ne postoji u [[Arapski jezik|arapskom jeziku]]; ''tadžički'' (narečje centralne Azije) ili ''dari'' (ime jezika u Avganistanu).
Ovo je spisak najznačajnijih narečja persijskog jezika:
* zapadni persijski jezik (Iran)
* istočni persijski jezik (Avganistan)
* tadžički jezik (Tadžikistan)
* hazaragi (Avganistan)
* ajmak (Avganistan)
* buharski (Uzbekistan)
* dehvari (Pakistan)
* darvazi (Avganistan)
* pahlavani (Avganistan)
== Osobine ==
[[Iranski jezici]], među kojima je persijski, pripadaju porodici [[Indoevropski jezici|indoevropskih jezika]]. Istorija iranskih jezika započinje još u sedmom veku pre nove ere. Persijski je najznačajniji u grupi iranskih jezika i jedini za koga je, na osnovu pismenih spomenika, dokazano da je postojao kao stari jezik srednjeg doba i savremeni jezik.
Kao indoevropski jezik, persijski ima određenih sličnosti sa ostalim jezicima iz indoevropske porodice, a naročito sa slovenskim jezicima pogotovo na sintaksičkom planu. Takođe, postoje mnoge sličnosti iranskih jezika, pa i farsija, sa južnoslovenskim jezicima.
Persijski jezik je u svom razvoju imao tri glavna perioda: [[staropersijski jezik]] (jezik Aveste i Darijevih natpisa), [[srednjopersijski jezik]] (pahlavi) i novopersijski jezik, ili samo persijski. On datira od momenta prihvatanja arapskog [[alfabet]]a oko [[650]]. godine n. e., kada je, u vreme otpočinjanja [[islam]]skog uticaja, poprimio veliki broj arapskih reči, postajući izvanredno bogat jezik. Persijski jezik je pretrpeo tako male promene u toku celog poslednjeg milenijuma, da obrazovan Iranac može čitati rukopise sačinjene vekovima unazad bez posebnih teškoća.
Kada se govori o rečima orijentalnog podrekla najčešće misli na turcizme. U rečniku stranih riječi dr. B. Klaića uz ovaj pojam stoji sledeće objašnjenje: „[[Turcizam]]: reč ili izraz turskog porekla“. Međutim, treba dodati da su turcizmi zajednički naziv za sve reči orijentalnog, dakle [[turski jezik|turskog]], persijskog i [[Arapski jezik|arapskog]] porekla, koje su putem [[turski jezik|turskog jezika]] počele prodirati u slavenske jezike. Sistematsko širenje [[turcizam]]a započelo je dolaskom [[Osmansko carstvo|Osmanskih Turaka]] na [[Balkansko poluostrvo|Balkan]] i trajalo je tokom više stoljeća. Na taj su se način i mnoge reči izvorno persijskog porekla ukorenile kao turcizmi.
{{glavni|Persijsko pismo}}
Drevno persijsko pismo se naziva ''pahlevi'' i blisko je [[Jermensko pismo|jermenskom pismu]].
Veći deo modernog persijskog jezika zapisuje se modifikovanim oblikom [[Arapsko pismo|arapskog pisma]]. [[Latinica]] se koristi kao pomoćno sredstvo u transkripciji i informatičkim tehnologijama. [[Tadžički jezik]], koji predstavlja narečje persijskog sa izvesnim ruskim uticajima, piše se [[Ćirilica|ćirilicom]].
Abeceda persijskog jezika ima 32 znaka i još 3 posebna znaka koja to zapravno i nisu, nego su različiti pravopisni oblici za slova, i u slučaju lām alefa, [[ligatura]].
{{div col}}
=== Morfologija ===
Sufiksi preovlađuju persijskom [[Morfologija (lingvistika)|morfologijom]], a broj prefiksa je mali. Glagoli mogu izražavati vreme i vid i kongruiraju sa subjektom u licu i broju. U persijskom jeziku nema [[Rod (gramatika)|rodova]] pa zamenice nisu označene rodovima.
=== Sintaksa ===
Uobičajene izjavne rečenice imaju oblik "(S)(PO)(O)G“. Ovo znači da rečenice uključuju mogući subjekat, prilošku odredbu i objekat ispred obaveznog glagola. Ako je objekat specifičan onda je praćen rečju „rā” (rā) i ide ''ispred'' priloške odredbe: "(S)(O+rā)(PO)G“.
=== Glagoli ===
: -ati, -anti, pehlevijski glagolski koreni
: biti, pers. budan – konjugacija:
<pre>
književni govorni sam, jesam pers. hastam hasam
si, jesi pers. hasti hasi
je pers. hast ili ast -e
smo, jesmo pers. hastim hasim
ste, jeste pers. hastid hasid
su, jesu pers. hastand hasand
</pre>
* dati, pers. ''dadan'', prezentska osnova: ''deh'' < srednjopers. prezentska osnova ''dad'' < staropers. prezentska osnova data-, imenica: ''dade''
* derati, pers. ''daridan'', prezentska osnova: dar
* čamiti, pers. ''čamidan'', prezentska osnova: čam
* goriti, pers. ''goridan'' ili gor gereftan, prezentska osnova: gor, imenica gorre
* hteti, pers. ''hāstan'' – konjgacija:
<pre>
hoć(u) pers. xāh(am)
hoć(eš) pers. xāh(i)
hoć(e) pers. xāh(ad)
hoć(emo) pers. xāh(im)
hoć(ete) pers. xāh(id)
hoć(e) pers. xāh(and)
</pre>
* kušati, pokušati, pers. kušidan, prezentska osnova: kuš
* lajati, staropers. lāidan, prezentska osnova: lāj
* lizati, pers. lisidan, prezentska osnova: lis
* napisati, pisati, pers. neveštan ili nebeštan, prezentska osnova: nevis < pehlevijski pers. ni-pis < staropers. ni-piš prefiks: ni + koren: pais
* njušiti, novopers. njušidan, prezentska osnova: njuš < pers. prezentska osnova: niyōš- < pehlevijski staropers. prezentska osnova: niγōš < staropers. prezentska osnova: nigauš
* peći, staropers. pazidan, prezentska osnova: paz, < pehlevijski pers. glagolski koren pačati-
* pohovati, pers. pohtan (pazidan), prezentska osnova: paz, < pehlevijski pers. glagolski koren pačati-
* živeti, pers. zistan, prezentska osnova: zi < srednjopers. Ziwistan prezentska osnova: ziw < staropers. Žiwistan, prezentska osnova: živ
=== Imenice ===
* adrija,
*
*
* brat,
*
* kolač, pers. koluče (vrsta kolača)
* kuća, pers. kuče (kujče): malo naselje, staropers. kuša, kušan
* govedar, pers. gāvdār (gāv: govedo, krava + dār: prezentska osnova od infinitiva daštan imati, držati)
* mater, pers. i srednjopers. mādar < staropers. matar
* miš, pers. muš
* mozak, pers. magz < srednjopersijski mazg < staropersijski mazga-
* nov, pers. nov < srednjopers. nōg < staropers. nava-
* obrva, pers. abru (u množini: abrovān)
* pazuh, pers. bazu (nadlaktica)
* poljubac, pers. bus, buse
* stan, pers. –stān (sufiks za mesto): obitavalište, mesto, npr. Armanestān: zemlja Armena (Jermenija), Ozbakestān: zemlja Uzbeka (Uzbekistan)
* uši, pers. guš < srednjopers. goš < staropers. Guša
*
*
* zima, pers. zemestān: zem + sufiks za mesto, lokaciju stān < sanskrit hima: sneg, hladnoća (himalaji: stan snega, tamo gde sneg obitava)
* dvesta, pers. dvist, devist
* jedan, pers. (jek)dāne (književni), jedāne ili jedune (govorni) : jedan, komad nečega
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=== Predlozi ===
* iz (od), pers. ''az''
* do, pers. ''tā''
===
* tanak, pers. ''tang''
* više, pers. ''biš''
* znan, pers. ''šenās'' < avestijski ''žnatar''
* baština, pers. ''bāstān''
===
* -ar, pers. ''kar'' ili ''gar'': sufiks za zanimanje, kao u imenicama govedar, limar, itd. ili u persijskom gāvdār, lahimkār ili lahimgar itd.
=== Upitne zamenice ===
* šta, pers. ''če'' ili ''či'', npr. šta je? pers. (govorni) či-je?
* ko, pers. ''ki'', npr. ''ko'' je? pers. (govorni) ki-je?
===
* kuda, pers. kođā (kodja)
===
* onde, pers. ānđā (onđā) ili āndjā (ondjā)
* ovde, staropers. avadā
{{div col end}}
== Reference ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Davis| first = Richard| chapter = Persian| editor1 = Josef W. Meri| editor2 = Jere L. Bacharach| title = Medieval Islamic Civilization| publisher = Taylor & Francis|year=2006|pages=602–603}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Baker| first = Mona| title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC&pg=PA518|year=2001| publisher = Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-25517-2|pages=518}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| title = Encyclopedia of literary translation into English | last=Classe| first = Olive |year=2000| publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = |isbn=978-1-884964-36-7| url = https://books.google.com/?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057|pages=1057}}
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* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Kuhrt| first = A. | title = The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period | publisher = Routledge |year=2013|isbn=978-1136016943}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Frye| first = Richard Nelson | title = Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran | publisher = C.H. Beck |year=1984|isbn=978-3406093975}}
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|accessdate=6. 9. 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101227154324/http://brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227
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|url-status=dead
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}}
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* {{Cite book| ref=harv| publisher = Logos Verlag|isbn=978-3-8325-1620-8| last=Delshad| first = Farshid| title = Anthologia Persica|date=septembar 2007}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Doctor| first = Sorabshaw Byramji| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory|year=1880| publisher = Irish Presbyterian Mission Press| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=558}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Doctor| first = Sorabshaw Byramji|author2-last=Saʻdī| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xUUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes |year=1880| publisher = Irish Presbyterian Mission Press| edition = 2| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=120}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Doctor| first = Sorabshaw Byramji| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises|year=1879| publisher = Irish Presbyterian Mission Press| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=94}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Doctor| first = Sorabshaw Byramji| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M0MOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges|year=1875| publisher = Irish Presbyterian Mission Press| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=84}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Forbes| first = Duncan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bFcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary|year=1844| publisher = Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co.| edition = 2| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=158}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Forbes| first = Duncan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DwQtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary|year=1844| publisher = Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co.| edition = 2| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=114}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Forbes| first = Duncan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DoRQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations|year=1876| publisher = W.H. Allen| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=238}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Forbes| first = Duncan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BDoMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations|year=1869| publisher = W.H. Allen & co.| edition = 4| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=238}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Ibrâhîm| first = Muḥammad| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru1ncSqiRXkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language |year=1841| publisher = | edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Jones| first = Sir William|authorlink= William Jones (philologist)| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language|year=1783| publisher = | edition = 3| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Jones| first = Sir William| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language|year=1797| publisher = | edition = 4| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Jones| first = Sir William| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language|year=1801| publisher = Murray and Highley, J. Sewell| edition = 5| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=194}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Jones| first = Sir William| editor-last = Lee | editor-first = Samuel | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p4dBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language|year=1823| publisher = Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co.| edition = 8| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=230}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Jones| first = Sir William| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language| editor-last = Lee | editor-first = Samuel |year=1828| publisher = Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co.| edition = 9| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=283}}
* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Lazard| first = Gilbert| title = Grammaire du persan contemporain| publisher = Institut Français de Recherche en Iran| date = januar 2006| isbn = 978-2909961378| url = http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392| access-date = 06. 09. 2017| archive-date = 03. 05. 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503214743/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392| url-status = dead}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Lumsden| first = Matthew| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a7dIAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion etc|year=1810| publisher = Watley| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| edition = illustrated| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1695-1| last=Mace| first = John| title = Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision|date=18. 10. 2002}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Moises| first = Edward| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English|year=1792| publisher = Printed by L. Hodgson| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=143}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Palmer| first = Edward Henry|authorlink= Edward Henry Palmer| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz9bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A concise dictionary, English-Persian; together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Completed and ed. by G. Le Strange| editor = Guy Le Strange|year=1883| publisher = | edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Palmer| first = Edward Henry|authorlink= Edward Henry Palmer| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKUfAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language| editor = Guy Le Strange|year=1883| publisher = Trübner| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=42}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Platts| first = John Thompson| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pxKkZZgJxcwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A grammar of the Persian language ...|year=1894| publisher = Williams and Norgate| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Ranking| first = George Speirs Alexander| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9I4PAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax|year=1907| publisher = The Claredon Press| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=72}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Richardson| first = John| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7hZHFh_nVEMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary| editor = Sir Charles Wilkins | editor-last2 = Hopkins | editor-first2 = David |year=1810| publisher = Printed for F. and C. Rivingson| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=643}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Rosen| first = Friedrich|author2-last=Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran)| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Exb_NBfBuZkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary|year=1898| publisher = Luzac & C.̊| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=400}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Samadi| first= Habibeh | last2=Perkins| first2 = Nick| title = Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars |year = 2012 | publisher = Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 | editor-last = Ball | editor-first = Martin | editor-last2 = Crystal | editor-first2 = David | editor3 = Paul Fletcher}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| publisher = L. Reichert |isbn=978-3-88226-413-5| title = Compendium linguarum Iranicarum|year=1989| first = Rüdiger| last=Schmitt}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Sen| first = Ramdhun| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen).| editor = Madhub Chunder Sen|year=1841| publisher = | edition = 2| location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Sen| first = Ramdhun| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A dictionary in Persian and English|year=1829| publisher = Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=226}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Sen| first = Ramdhun| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A dictionary in English and Persian |year=1833| publisher = Printed at the Baptist Mission Press| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=276}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Sen| first = Ramdhun| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A dictionary in English and Persian|year=1833| publisher = | edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia
| title = Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts | first = Prods Oktor|last=Skjærvø
| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica|year=2006
| volume = 13|ref = Skjaervo2006
}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| edition = 3rd Rev| publisher = Ibex Publishers|isbn=978-0-936347-29-5|last=Thackston| first = W. M.| title = An Introduction to Persian| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac|date=1. 5. 1993}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Tucker| first = William Thornhill| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1801| publisher = | edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Tucker| first = William Thornhill| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F11AAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1850| publisher = J. Madden| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=145}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Tucker| first = William Thornhill| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ppxqpkEHVoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1850| publisher = J. Madden| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011|pages=145}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| edition = 2| publisher = Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35339-7| editor-last = Comrie | editor-first = Bernard |last=Windfuhr| first = Gernot L.| title = The World's Major Languages| chapter = Persian|date=15. 1. 2009}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Wollaston| first = (Sir) Arthur Naylor| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F6UCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = An English-Persian dictionary|year=1882| publisher = W. H. Allen| edition = | location = |id=| volume = | accessdate=6. 7. 2011}}
{{refend}}
== Vanjske veze ==
{{interwiki|code=fa}}
{{Commonscat|Persian language}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830061043/http://www.persianacademy.ir/ Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website] {{fa icon}}
* [http://www.persian-language.com/ Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website] {{fa icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209222040/http://persianlanguage.ir/ Persian language Resources] {{fa icon}}
* [http://www.parstimes.com/language/ Persian Language Resources], parstimes.com
* [http://alefbaye2om.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Ma_farsi_balad_im_EN.pdf Persian language tutorial books for beginners]
* [[Soleiman Haim|Haim, Soleiman]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hayyim/ New Persian–English dictionary]. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu
* [[Steingass, Francis Joseph]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary]. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials Project: ] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170923082042/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63&menu=004 Persian], ucla.edu
* [http://www.kolahstudio.com/?p=620 How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti], Persian Graffiti
* [https://archive.org/details/mike_worldmentoringacademy_03b Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)] USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
[[Kategorija:Perzijski jezik| ]]
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