YouTube – razlika između verzija
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U avgustu 2006. YouTube najavljuje da planira tokom 18 mjeseci ponuditi na svojoj stranici sve muzičke spotove ikad napravljene. Warner Music Group i EMI prihvataju projekat te u septembru potpisuju ugovor s YouTube-om, a u oktobru ugovore potpisuju i [[CBS (TV mreža)|CBS]], Universal Music Group i Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Prema ugovoru, te kompanije YouTube-u ustupaju pravo na emitovanje muzičkih spotova iz njihove produkcije za dio prihoda od reklama s YouTube-ovih stranica.
==Cenzura i filtriranje sadržaja==
{{Main|Cenzura YouTube-a}}
[[File:YouTube world map May 2016 Update-sh.svg|thumb|270px|Dostupnost YouTube-a (januar 2019):<br />
{{legend|#008000|ima lokalnu verziju YouTube-a}}
{{legend|#B2B2B2|dostupan}}
{{legend|#FF0000|trenutno blokiran}}
{{legend|#FF8888|prethodno blokiran}}]]
Godine 2018, [[Kina]] i [[Sjeverna Koreja]] trajno su blokirali pristup YouTube-u, s tim da [[Iran]] blokira YouTube na samo jednom [[provajder interneta|provajderu usluge interneta]]. YouTube je bio blokiran u [[Uzbekistan]]u u oktobru 2018. iz nepoznatih razloga;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Syundyukova |first1=Nazerke |title=Uzbekistan has blocked YouTube social network |url=https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/48743 |accessdate=January 23, 2019 |work=The Qazaq Times |date=October 9, 2018}}</ref> pristup [[Facebook]]u je bio blokiran mjesec ranije; ljudi u državi se oslanjaju na [[Virtuelna privatna mreža|VPN]] softver kako bi izbjegli blokadu; dana 15. januara, objavljeno je da je blokada ukinuta, ali to je potrajalo samo 6–7 sati.<ref>{{cite news |title=Маҳаллий ОАВ: Ўзбекистонда Facebook ва YouTube яна ўчириб қўйилди |trans-title=Local Media: YouTube and Facebook once again blocked in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.ozodlik.org/a/29713088.html |accessdate=January 23, 2019 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Uzbek Service |date=January 16, 2019 |language=Uzbek}}</ref>
Vlade blokiraju YouTube iz raznih razloga, među kojima su i sljedeći:<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored>[http://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history "YouTube Censored: A Recent History"], OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012.</ref>
* ograničavanje javnog pristupa i izlaganja sadržaja koji može potpirivati društvene ili političke nemire
* sprečavanje kritikovanja vladara (npr. u Sjevernoj Koreji), vlade (npr. u Kini) ili njenog djelovanja (npr. u Maroku) ili njenih zvaničnika (npr. u Turskoj i Libiji) ili religije (npr. u Pakistanu)
* kršenje nacionalnih zakona, uključujući zakone o zaštiti autorskih prava i intelektualnog vlasništva (npr. u Njemačkoj), kršenje zabrane govora mržnje, narušavanje etike ili zakona zasnovanih na moralu (npr. u Iranu), sprečavanje pristupa videouracima neprikladnima za mlade,<ref>{{Cite news |title=The disturbing YouTube videos that are tricking children |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-39381889 |newspaper=BBC News |accessdate=September 16, 2017 |date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> čemu YouTube i sam doprinosi verzijom servisa [[YouTube Kids]] i „modom restrikcije”<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shu |first1=Catherine |title=YouTube responds to complaints that its Restricted Mode censors LGBT videos |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/19/youtube-lgbt-restricted-mode/ |website=TechCrunch |accessdate=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* smanjivanje ometanja rada na poslu ili u školi,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Strom |first1=Stephanie |title=YouTube Finds a Way Off Schools' Banned List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/10/education/youtube-finds-a-way-off-schools-banned-list.html?mcubz=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=September 16, 2017 |date=March 9, 2012}}</ref> (npr. u Australiji)
* smanjivanje količine korištenog bandwidtha mreže<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[David Meerman Scott]] |title=Facebook and YouTube blocked by paranoid corporations at their own peril |url=http://www.webinknow.com/2008/06/facebook-and-yo.html |accessdate=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Marks |first1=Gene |title=Netflix and YouTube Now Consume 50% Of The Internet As The Argument For Net Neutrality Weakens |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/quickerbettertech/2014/11/24/netflix-and-youtube-now-consume-50-of-the-internet-as-the-argument-for-net-neutrality-weakens/#1f4a95f036e6 |website=Forbes |accessdate=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hannaford |first1=Kat |title=US Military Bans YouTube, Amazon and 11 Other Websites to Free Up Bandwidth for Japan Crisis |url=https://gizmodo.com/5782886/us-military-bans-youtube-amazon-and-11-other-websites-to-free-up-bandwidth-for-japan-crisis |website=Gizmodo |accessdate=September 16, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
U nekim državama, YouTube je kompletno blokiran, bilo putem dugotrajno određenog bana ili na ograničene periode kao što su oni tokom nemira, izbora ili predstojećih političkih godišnjica. U drugim državama, pristup web-sajtu u cjelini ostaje otvoren, ali pristup određenim videima je blokiran. U slučajevima kada je cijeli sajt blokiran zbog jednog određenog videa, YouTube uglavnom pristane da ukloni taj video ili mu ograniči pristup tako da bi servis opstao. Poslovni subjekti, škole, vladine agencije i druge privatne institucije uglavnom blokiraju sajtove društvenih medija, uključujući YouTube, zbog ograničenja bandwidtha i potencijala sajta koji ima za ometanje.<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored />
Više država je prethodno blokiralo pristup YouTube-u:
* [[Tajland]] je blokirao pristup u aprilu 2007. zbog videa u kojem se navodno vrijeđa tajlandski kralj.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thailand Bans YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2007}}</ref>
* [[Maroko]] je blokirao pristup u maju 2007, vjerovatno kao rezultat videa u kojima je kritikovana okupacija Zapadne Sahare od strane Maroka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6702973.stm |accessdate=December 25, 2013 |date=May 29, 2007}}</ref> YouTube je ponovo postao dostupan 30. maja 2007, kada je ''Maroc Telecom'' nezvanično objavio da je uskraćivanje pristupa web-sajtu bio puki „tehnički kvar”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |title=''YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom'' |date=May 30, 2007 |accessdate=May 30, 2007 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130416003945/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |archivedate=April 16, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Turska]] je blokirala pristup od 2008. do 2010. nakon kontroverzi oko videa za koje se tvrdilo da vrijeđaju [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk|Mustafu Kemala Ataturka]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Rosen |title=Google's Gatekeepers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 28, 2008 |accessdate=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc turkey">{{cite news |title=Turkey goes into battle with Google |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10480877.stm |work=BBC News |date=July 2, 2010 |accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816 |date=October 30, 2010 |accessdate=October 31, 2010}}</ref> U novembru 2010, video turskog političara Deniza Bajkala izazvao je ponovnu, kraću blokadu sajta, a prijetili su da će ga ponovo ugasiti ako se video ne ukloni.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704462704575590420251199614.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |date=November 2, 2010 |accessdate=November 2, 2010 |first=Marc |last=Champion}}</ref> Tokom dvoipogodišnje blokade YouTube-a, web-sajt za dijeljenje videa je ostao osmi najposjećeniji sajt u Turskoj.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21 "Turkey report"], ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR "Top Sites in Turkey"], Alexa. Retrieved August 26, 2010.</ref> Godine 2014, Turska je blokirala pristup po drugi put, nakon „curenja informacija visokog značaja” ({{jez-engl|high-level intelligence leak}}).<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=B. Kelley |title=YouTube Blocked in Turkey Amid High-Level Intelligence Leak |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-blocked-in-turkey-2014-3 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |date=March 27, 2014 |accessdate=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26773702 |title=Turkey moves to block YouTube access after 'audio leak' |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=March 27, 2014 |accessdate=March 27, 2014|newspaper=BBC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-banned-turkey-n63776 |title=YouTube Banned in Turkey |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=March 27, 2014 |accessdate=March 27, 2014 |author=Wagstaff, Keith}}</ref>
* [[Pakistan]] je blokirao pristup 23. februara 2008, zbog „uvredljivog materijala” prema islamskoj vjeri, uključujući prikazivanje danskih crtanih filmova o [[Muhamed]]u.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm |accessdate=November 30, 2008 |date=February 24, 2008}}</ref> Ovo je dovelo do globalnog gašenja sajta YouTube na oko dva sata, pošto se pakistanski ban nenamjerno prenio na ostale države. Dana 26. februara 2008, ukinuta je zabrana web-sajta nakon što je sporni sadržaj uklonjen sa servera na zahtjev vlade.<ref name="PAK-ban-lifted">{{Cite news |title=Pakistan lifts YouTube ban |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/27/2173501.htm?section=world |agency=AFP |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=February 26, 2008 |accessdate=February 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm |accessdate=November 30, 2008 |date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> Mnogi Pakistanci izbjegavali su trodnevnu blokadu koristeći VPN softver.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban |publisher=Silicon Republic |url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archivedate=June 29, 2008 |accessdate=November 30, 2008}}</ref> U maju 2010, nakon [[Dan kada svatko crta Muhameda|Dana „Svako crta Muhameda”]], Pakistan je ponovo blokirao pristup YouTube-u, navodeći kao razlog „svetogrdni sadržaj u porastu”.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan blocks access to YouTube in internet crackdown |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10130195.stm |accessdate=May 20, 2010 |date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> Ban je ukinut 27. maja 2010, nakon što je web-sajt uklonio sporni sadržaj sa svojih servera na zahtjev vlade. Međutim, pojedini videouraci koji budu uvredljivi za muslimane a postavljani na YouTube i dalje će biti blokirani.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities"], Joanne McCabe, ''Metro'' (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012</ref><ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube"], ''The Times of India'', May 27, 2010</ref> Pakistan je ponovo uveo zabranu YouTube-a u septembru 2012, nakon što je sajt odbio da ukloni film ''[[Nevinost muslimana]]'' ({{jez-engl|Innocence of Muslims}}), tako da je zabrana ostala na snazi.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-17/news/42148641_1_blasphemous-content-videos-pakistan-ban Pakistan ban on YouTube stays even after one year] ''The Economic Times'', September 17, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.</ref> Ban je ukinut u januaru 2016, nakon što je YouTube pokrenuo posebnu verziju za Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan unblocks access to YouTube |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35345872 |accessdate=January 27, 2016 |work=BBC News |date=January 18, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Turkmenistan]] je blokirao pristup 25. decembra 2009, iz nepoznatih razloga. Drugi web-sajtovi, kao što je [[LiveJournal]], takođe su bili blokirani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkmenistan blocks access to YouTube, LJ |url=https://www.rt.com/politics/turkmenistan-ban-internet-youtube/ |website=rt.com |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Libija]] je blokirala pristup 24. januara 2010, zbog videa koji su prikazivali demonstracije u gradu [[Bengazi]]ju, porodica zarobljenika ubijenih u Zatvoru „Ebu Selim” 1996, te videa članova porodice libijskog vođe [[Muammar Gaddafi|Muamera Gadafija]] na zabavama. Blokiranje je kritikovao [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMqNCaIpcd74x_33F16sT_6IDriw |title=Watchdog urges Libya to stop blocking websites |agency=Agence France-Presse |accessdate=February 7, 2010}}</ref> U novembru 2011, nakon [[Rat u Libiji|Rata u Libiji]], YouTube je ponovo omogućen u ovoj državi.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya "Libya"], ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012</ref>
* [[Afganistan]], [[Bangladeš]], [[Pakistan]] i [[Sudan]] blokirali su pristup u septembru 2012. nakon kontroverze oko 14-minutnog trejlera za film ''Nevinost muslimana'' koji je postavljen na sajt.<ref>[http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – Afghanistan Times"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 |date=January 17, 2013 }}, December 1, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/12/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912 "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film"], Miriam Arghandiwal, Reuters (Kabul), September 12, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/youtube-blocked-in-bangladesh-over-prophet-mohamed-video-8152056.html "YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video"], ''The Independent'' (AP), September 18, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Haley |last=Tsukayama |title=YouTube blocked in Pakistan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|Nash Holdings LLC]] |date=September 17, 2012 |accessdate=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan, Bangladesh Block YouTube Amid Islam Film Protests |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-18/pakistan-bangladesh-block-youtube-to-restrict-anti-islam-film.html |accessdate=September 18, 2012 |date=September 18, 2012 |first=Arun |last=Devnath}}</ref> Sud u južnoj ruskoj republici [[Čečenija|Čečeniji]] donio je zaključak da film ''Nevinost muslimana'' treba da bude zabranjen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian court bans anti-Islam film |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film |newspaper=The News |date=September 29, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film |archivedate=January 17, 2013 }}</ref>
* U Libiji i [[Egipat|Egiptu]], smatra se da je trejler za film ''Nevinost muslimana'' uzrok nasilnih protesta u septembru 2012. YouTube je izjavio: „Ovaj video – koji je uveliko dostupan na webu – jasno poštuje naše smjernice i stoga će ostati na YouTube-u. Kako god, s obzirom na vrlo tešku situaciju u Libiji i Egiptu privremeno smo ograničili pristup u obje zemlje.”<ref>{{cite news |title='Innocence of Muslims': Mystery shrouds film's California origins |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/12/world/la-fg-libya-filmmaker-20120913 |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |date=September 12, 2012 |first1=Phil |last1=Willon |first2=Rebecca |last2=Keegan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=YouTube restricts video access over Libyan violence |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/tech/web/youtube-violence-libya/index.html?hpt=hp_c3 |accessdate=September 13, 2012 |date=September 12, 2012}}</ref>
== Reference ==
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