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== SciencesNauka ==
[[File:Pedro Nunes.png|thumb|right|[[Pedro Nunes]] wasbio aje greatvelik scientistevropski of Europenaučnik, innovatingkoji mathsje anduveo inventinginovacije manyu devicesmatematici i izumio mnoge sprave, suchkao asšto theje [[Noniuspomično kljunasto (device)mjerilo|nonius]].]]
Kao pionir Doba otkrića, Portugal i njegova renesansa privukli su stručnjake u astronomiji, matematici i pomorskoj tehnologiji, što je učinilo Portugal glavnim gradom tehnologije i nauke u Evropi. Tokom portugalske renesanse stvaran je velik broj tehničkih djela, kao što su [[mappa mundi]], globusi, rasprave o vještini plovljenja, pismima, izvješćima o brodolomima, putevima kretanja i studijama o tropskim lijekovima.
As the pioneer in Age of Discovery, Portugal and its renaissance attracted experts in astronomy, mathematics, and naval technology, which made Portugal a technical and scientific capital of Europe. During the Portuguese Renaissance, there was a plethora of technical works being created, such as [[mappa mundi]], globes, treatises on the art of sailing, scripts, reports of shipwrecks, itineraries, and studies on tropical medicine.
Među raspravama o astronomiji, okeanografiji nautičkim naukama, u glavna djela spadaju sljedeća:
Among the treatises on astronomy, oceanography, and nautical studies, major works included the following:
*''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'', 1506, [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]
*''TreatyRasprava ono the Spheresferi'', 1537, [[Pedro Nunes]]
*''RouteKarta Maprute ofLjubičastog the Purple Seamora'', 1541, [[João de Castro]]
*''Ars Nautica'', 1555, [[Fernão de Oliveira]]
*''ManuscriptRukopis ono theproizvodnji Production of NausNausa'', 1580, [[Fernão de Oliveira]]
[[Pedro Nunes]], jedan od prvih Evropljana koji je primijenio matematiku u kartografiji, otkrio je koncept [[loksodroma|loksodrome]], koji se kasnije primjenjivao u [[Mercatorova projekcija|Mercatorovoj projekciji]], koja je 1569. revolucionizirala kartografiju. On je također bio izumitelj nekoliko aparata za mjerenje, uključujući [[pomično kljunasto mjerilo|noniusa]], za mjerenje frakcija stepena.
[[Pedro Nunes]], one of the first Europeans to apply mathematics to cartography, discovered the concept of [[rhumb lines]], later applied to the [[Mercator projection]], which, in 1569, revolutionized cartography. He was also the inventor of several measuring apparatus, including the [[Nonius (device)|nonius]], to measure fractions of a degree.
WithSa dolaskom [[Vasco da Gama|Vasca da Game]]'s arrival inu [[IndiaIndija|Indiju]], andi theširenjem PortuguesePortugalskog Empire'sCarstva expansionu intota that landpodručja, manymnogi scientistsnaučnici wereposlani sentsu eastwardistočno tokako studybi andistraživali compilei newstvarali drugsnove andlijekove medicinali plantsmedicinske biljke. The botonistBotaničar [[Tomé Pires]] andi physiciansliječnici [[Garcia de Orta]] andi [[Cristóvão da Costa (botanistbotaničar)|Cristóvão da Costa]] collectedskupio je andi publishedobjavio worksradove ono newnovim plantsbiljkama andi locallokalnim medicineslijekovima.
=== CartographyKartografija ===
PortuguesePortugalski [[portolan chart]]i werebili insu greatvrlo demandtraženi inu Europe,Evropi forzbog theirsvoje greaterveće knowledgekoličine andinformacija accuracyi tačnosti. AlthoughIako je protectedbilo asštićeno akao statedržavna secrettajna, thekartografsko cartographicznanje knowledgese wouldkasnije eventuallytajno beprenosilo passedod clandestinelystrane bynekih someosoba ofuključenih thoseu involvedtoj in the operationoperaciji. OneJedan suchtakav exampleprimjer is theje [[CantinoCantinova mapa planispheresvijeta]], whichkoja wasje stolenukradena from theiz [[Casa da Índia]], theportugalskog Portuguesekraljevskog royalministarstva ministryza forsve allpomorske things maritimestvari, for theza [[Dukevojvoda ofod Ferrare|vojvodu Ferraraod Ferrare]] in 1502. godine,<ref>Leite, Duarte. O mais antigo mapa do Brasil. In: Dias, Carlos Malheiros (coord.). ''História da Colonização Portuguesa do Brasil (v. 2)''. pstr. 223-281 e il. à pstr. 229.</ref> or theili [[Dieppediepske mapskarte]], commissionednaručene od bystrane [[Henry II of FranceFrancuske|Henrika II]] andi [[Henry VIII ofod EnglandEngleske|Henrika VIII]], whichkoje weresu copiesbile ofkopije stolenukradenih Portugueseportugalskih maps ofkarata thetog periodperioda.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3h37IOxTO5cC&lpg=PA73&ots=7M9RfNYiad&dq=Atlas%20miller%20king%20Manuel%20I&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q=Atlas%20miller%20king%20Manuel%20I&f=false Cartographie historique du Golfe persique: actes du colloque organisé les 21 et 22 avril 2004 à Téhéran par l'EPHE, l'université de Téhéran et le Centre de documentation et de recherche d'Iran]</ref>
1475. godine, po prvi put odštampan je latinski prevod [[Ptolomejeva karta svijeta|Ptolomejeve karte svijeta]], iz drugog vijeka. Portugalska istraživanja i izučavanja uskoro su otkrila praznine u antičkom znanju, kao što je 1488. godine, prolazeći pored Rta dobre nade, [[Bartolomeu Dias]] dokazao da je Ptolomej pogriješio u mišljenju da nema puta prema Indijskom okeanu.
In 1475, for the first time a Latin translation of [[Ptolemy's world map]], from the second century, was printed. Portuguese exploration and studies soon revealed the gaps of ancient knowledge, such as how in 1488, passing the Cape of Good Hope, [[Bartolomeu Dias]] proved Ptolemy was erroneous in that there was no passage to the Indian Ocean.
[[Martin Behaim]] je 1492. godine, nakon svog treninga u Portugalu, i u službi [[kralj Portugala|kralja Portugala]], sagradio prvi poznati globus, koji je imao Evropu i Aziju odvojenu cjelovitim okeanom, što je teorija koju je [[Kristofor Kolumbo]], također obučen u Portugalu, testirao kasnije te godine.
In 1492, [[Martin Behaim]], after his training in Portugal, and in service to the [[King of Portugal]], built the first known globe, which had Europe and Asia were separated by a single ocean, a theory that [[Christopher Columbus]], who was also trained in Portugal, would test later that year.
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File:CantinoPlanisphere.png|The 1502 ''[[CantinoCantinova planispherekarta svijeta]]'', 1502., wasbila theje [[Padrão Real]] madestvorena byod thestrane [[Casa da Índia]]
File:Capitanias.jpg|The 1574 map of theKarta [[Captaincykapetanske Colonieskolonije ofBrazila|kapetanskih Brazilkolonija Brazila]], byiz 1574. godine LuísLuísa TeixeiraTeixeire
File:Azores old map.jpg|The 1584Karta ''Açores Insulae'' map of the [[AzoresAzorski Islandsotoci|Azorskih otoka]], byiz 1584. godine, Luís Teixeira
File:Sebastião Lopes 1575.jpg|TheKarta 1575Portugala mapi ofnjegovih Portugalafričkih andkolonija itsiz African1575. coloniesgodine, by Sebastião Lopes
File:1554 lopo homen mapa mundi 03.jpg|TheKarta 1554globalnog mapPortugalskog showingcarstva theiz global1554. Portuguese Empiregodine, by Lopo Homem
File:1563 lazaro luis 04 atlantic nord.jpg|TheKarta 1563sjevernoatlantskog mapPortugalskog ofcarstva theiz North1563. Atlantic Portuguese Empiregodine, by Lazaro Luis
File:Pedro Reinel 1504.jpg|TheKarta 1504Sjeverne mapAfrike ofi NorthEvrope Africaiz and1504. Europegodine, by Pedro Reinel
File:1583 sebastiao lopes (mapa mundi) 00.jpg|TheKarta 1583globalnih mapevropskih ofcarstava globaliz European1583. empiresgodine, by Sebastião Lopes
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