Novi Zeland – razlika između verzija

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Šumama su dominirale ptice a u nedostatku sisara, neke od vrsta poput [[Kiviji|kivija]], [[kakapo]]a i [[takahe]]a su evoluirale u neletačice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terranature.org/flightlessbirds.htm|title=New Zealand ecology: Flightless birds|publisher=TerraNature|accessdate=17. 1. 2011.}}</ref> Dolaskom ljudi dolazi i do pojave [[pacovi|pacova]], tvorova, raznih drugih glodara i sisara što je dovelo do [[Izumiranje|izumiranja]] brojnih vrsta, uključujući i velike ptice kao što su [[moa]] i [[hastov orao]].<ref name = "extinction">{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Holdaway|title=Extinctions – New Zealand extinctions since human arrival|publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/extinctions/4|accessdate=4. 2. 2011.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=januar 2005|title=Huge eagles 'dominated NZ skies'|first=Alex|last= Kirby|publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4138147.stm}}</ref>
 
Druge endemske vrste čine reptili ([[tuatare]], [[skinkovi]] i [[gekoni]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/|publisher=Department of Conservation|title=Tuatara: New Zealand reptiles|accessdate=17. 1. 2011.}}</ref> [[žaba|žabe]] (uključujući 4 vrste najstarijih i najprimitivnijih žaba na svetu, roda ''[[Leiopelma]]'' a to su [[Hamiltonova žaba|hamiltonova]], [[Arčijeva žaba|arčijeva]], [[Hohšteterova žaba|hohšteterova]] i [[maudska žaba]]), pauci ([[katipo]]), insekti ([[veta]]) i puževi.<ref>{{cite web|first=Paddy|last=Ryan|title=Snails and slugs – Flax snails, giant snails and veined slugs|publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=mart 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/snails-and-slugs/2|accessdate=4. 2. 2011.}}</ref> Određene vrste poput ptica [[carići|carića]] i gmizavaca tuatara su toliko jedinstvene da se smatraju za žive fosile. Jedini dokaz o postojanju sisara na Novom Zelandu su tri vrste slepih miševa (jedna izumrla a jedna od dve preostale je [[Chalinolobus tuberculatus]]) i fosil [[Sisavac iz Saint Bathansa|malog sisara veličine miša]] koji je pronađen 2006. i procenjen na 16 miliona godina starosti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2006/nzmammal.html |title=Tiny Bones Rewrite Textbooks, first New Zealand land mammal fossil |publisher=University of New South Wales |date = 31. 5. 2007.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070531085218/http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2006/nzmammal.html|archivedate = 31. 5. 2007.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Worthy |first1= Trevor H. |last2=Tennyson |first2= Alan J. D. |last3=Archer |first3= Michael |last4=Musser |first4= Anne M. |last5=Hand |first5= Suzanne J. |last6=Jones |first6= Craig |last7=Douglas |first7= Barry J. |last8=McNamara |first8= James A. |last9=Beck |first9= Robin M. D. |title=Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=103 |issue=51 |pages=19419–23 |year=2006 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605684103}}</ref> Morski sisari su brojni, polovina vrsta kitova, delfina i pliskavaca kao i foka živi u vodama Novog Zelanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/marine-mammals/|publisher=Department of Conservation|title=Marine Mammals|accessdate=17. 1. 2011.}}</ref> Takođe uz obalu se može videti veliki broj morskih ptica, od čega je trećina endemskih vrsta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/sea-and-shore-birds/ |title=Sea & shore birds |publisher=New Zealand Department of Conservation |accessdate=7. 3. 2011.}}</ref> Na Novom Zelandu se nalazi najveći broj vrsta pingvina, uključujući endemske vrste [[Žutooki pingvin|žutookog pingvina]], [[Mali pingvin|malog pingvina]], [[Snerski pingvin|snerskog pingvina]] i [[Fjordlandski pingvin|fjordlandskog pingvina]], od svih država na svetu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/sea-and-shore-birds/penguins/penguins/ |title=Penguins |publisher=New Zealand Department of Conservation |accessdate=7. 3. 2011.}}</ref>
 
Od dolaska ljudi blizu polovine endemskih vrsta je izumrlo, uključujući 51 vrstu ptica (npr. [[huija]]), 3 vrste žaba, 3 vrste rečnih riba, 4 vrste biljaka i 1 vrstu slepog miša.<ref name = "extinction"/> Preostale vrste su ugrožene i njihovo stanište je značajno smanjeno.<ref name = "extinction"/> Ipak na Novom Zelandu su nastale neke od uspešnijih metoda očuvanja ugroženih vrsta poput zaštićenih ostrva, borbe protiv štetočina, premeštanja živog sveta, udomljavanja kao i ekološke obnove ostrva i drugih odabranih oblasti.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of ecological restoration: Principles of Restoration|chapter=Reptiles and Amphibians|first=Carl|last=Jones|page=362|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last= Davy|editor2-first= Anthony|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521791286|volume=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Island restoration: Exploring the past, anticipating the future|first=Mark|last=Rauzon|journal=Marine Ornithology|volume=35|pages=97–107|year=2008|url=http://marineornithology.org/PDF/35_2/35_2_97-107.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Diamond|first=Jared|year=1990|title=New Zealand as an archipelago: An international perspective|pages=3–8|editor1-first=D|editor1-last=Towns|editor2-first=C|editor2-last=Daugherty|editor3-first=I|editor3-last=Atkinson|url=http://192.206.154.93/upload/documents/science-and-technical/EcologicalRestorationNZIslands.pdf#page=8|publisher=Conservation Sciences Publication No. 2. Department of Conservation|location=Wellington}}</ref>