Tečno agregatno stanje – razlika između verzija

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[[Datoteka:Water drop 001.jpg|thumb|250px|Formiranjem sferne [[Kapljica (tečnost)Kap|kapljicekapi]] tečne vode se minimizuje površina,<ref štoname="Cutnell">{{cite je prirodni rezultat dejstva [[površinski napon|površinskog napona]] u tečnostima.]]book
| last = Cutnell
 
| first = John D.
|author2=Kenneth W. Johnson
| title = Essentials of Physics
| publisher = Wiley Publishing
| year = 2006 }}</ref> što je prirodni rezultat dejstva [[površinski napon|površinskog napona]] u tečnostima.<ref name="Woodward 2008">{{Cite journal
| author = Roger P. Woodward, Ph.D.
| title = Surface Tension Measurements Using the Drop Shape Method
| publisher = First Ten Angstroms
| url = http://www.firsttenangstroms.com/pdfdocs/STPaper.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2008-11-05}}</ref><ref name="10.1016/0021-9797(91)90296-K">{{cite journal
| author = F.K.Hansen
|author2=G. Rodsrun
| year = 1991
| title = Surface tension by pendant drop. A fast standard instrument using computer image analysis
| journal = Colloid and Interface Science
| volume = 141
| pages = 1–12
| doi = 10.1016/0021-9797(91)90296-K
}}</ref>]]
[[Datoteka:Atombau - flüssig.png|mini|desno|250px|Privlačne sile među česticama tečnosti su slabije od sila čvrste materije, stoga se molekuli tečnosti mogu slobodnije kretati.]]
 
'''Tečnosit''' ili '''tekućine''' su materije tečnog [[Agregatna stanja|agregatnog stanja]].<ref>{{Atkins7th}}</ref> Takve materije nemaju stalan [[oblik]], ali imaju stalanstalnu [[volumen|zapreminu]], jer su privlačne [[sila|sile]] među njihovim [[čestice|česticama]] slabije pa se mogu slobodnije gibatikretati. Tečnosti, prema tome, lako menjaju oblik odnosno zauzimaju oblik posude u kojoj se nalaze. U [[kemija|hemiji]] se materije tečnog agregatnog stanja označavaju malim slovom '''L''' ([[Engleski jezik|eng]]. liquid - tečnost). U [[periodni sistem elemenata|periodnom sistemu elemenata]] najmanje je tečnih elemenata,<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref> dok su molekularne tečnosti vrlo rasprostranjene u [[priroda|prirodi]].
 
Tečnost je skoro [[Kompresibilnost|nekompresibilan]] [[fluid]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fine|first2= F. J. |last2= Millero |year=1973 |title=Compressibility of water as a function of temperature and pressure |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=5529–5536 |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |doi=10.1063/1.1679903 |bibcode = 1973JChPh..59.5529F |first1=Rana A. }}</ref><ref name="YoungFreedman2012">Hugh D. Young; Roger A. Freedman. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=1YXznQEACAAJ University Physics with Modern Physics]''. Addison-Wesley; 2012. ISBN 978-0-321-69686-1. p. 356.</ref> [[fluid]] koji zadržava (skoro) konstantnu zapreminu nezavisno od pritiska. AsKao suchtakva, ittečnost isje onejedno ofod [[StateAgregatna of matter#The four fundamental statesstanja|thečetiri fourfundamentalna fundamentalstanja states of mattermaterije]] (thepri othersčemu beingsu druga: [[solidčvrsto stanje]], [[gas]], andi [[PlasmaPlazma (physicsfizika)|plasmaplazma]]), andi isona theje onlyjedino statestanje withsa aodređenom definitezapreminom volumebez butfiksnog no fixed shapeoblika. ATečnost liquidje issačinjena madeod upmalih ofvibrirajućih tinyčestica vibrating particles of mattermaterije, suchkao asšto atomssu atomi, heldkoji togethersu bypovezani [[intermolecularMeđumolekulska sila|intermolekularnim bondvezama]]s.<ref [[Water]]name="McQuarrie1st">{{McQuarrie1st}}</ref><ref is,name=Volland-Intermolecular>{{cite byweb far,|title="Intermolecular" theForces most|first=Dr. commonWalt liquid|last=Volland on|url=http://www.800mainstreet.com/08/0008-0012-interforce.html Earth|accessdate = 20. Like9. a2009.}}</ref> gas,[[Voda]] aje liquiddaleko najrasprostranjenija tečnost na Zemlji. Poput gasova, istečnost [[fluid|ableima tosposobnost flowproticanja]] andi takezauzima theoblik shapesuda. ofVežina atečnosti container.je Mostotporna liquidsna resist compressionkompresiju, althoughmada othersse canneke bemogu compressedkomprimovati. UnlikeZa arazliku gasod gasova, atečnost liquidse doesne notširi disperseda tobi fillzauzela everysvaki spacedeo ofprostora au containersudu, andi maintainsodržava arelativno fairly constantkonstantnu densitygustinu. ADistinktno distinctivesvojstvo propertytečnog ofstanja the liquid state isje [[surfacepovršinski tensionnapon]],<ref leadingname="Woodward to2008"/><ref name="10.1016/0021-9797(91)90296-K" /> koji dovodi do fenomena [[wettingVlaženje|vlaženja]].<ref>Dezellus, phenomenaO. and N. Eustathopoulos (2010). "Fundamental issues of reactive wetting by liquid metals." Journal of Materials Science 45(16): 4256-4264.</ref><ref>[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/CP/c3cp51848e#!divAbstract Han Hu, Hai-Feng Ji, and Ying Sun, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, (2013) 16557]</ref>
 
Gustina tečnosti je obično blizo gustine čvrste materije, i znatno je veća od gasa. Stoga su tečne i čvrste materije nazvanje [[Fizika kondenzovane materije|kondenzovanim materijama]].<ref name=pltaylor>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Philip L.|title=A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-77103-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hyx6BjEX4U8C&pg=PR9}}</ref> S druge strane, tečnosti i gasovi imaju zajeničku sposobnost tečenja, i nazivaju se [[fluid]]ima.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transport Phenomena |last=Bird |first=Byron |authorlink= |author2=Stewart, Warren |author3=Lightfoot, Edward |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley, Second Edition |location=New York |isbn=0-471-41077-2 |page= |pages=912 |url= }}</ref> Mada je tečna voda izobilna na Zemlji, to stanje materije je zapravo najmanje zastupljeno u poznatom svemiru, pošto je za postojanje tečnosti neophodan relativno uzak opseg temperature/pritiska. Većina poznate materije u svemiru je u gasovitoj formi (sa tragovima detektabilne čvrste materije) kao interstelarni oblaci ili obliku plazme u zvezdama.
The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than in a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed [[Condensed matter physics|condensed matter]]. On the other hand, as liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called [[fluid]]s. Although liquid water is abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe, because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid matter) as interstellar clouds or in plasma form within stars.
 
==Uvod==
[[File:Hot and cold water immiscibility thermal image.jpg|thumb|ThermalTermalna imageslika ofumivaonika apunog sinktople fullvode ofkojoj hotse waterdodaje withhladna coldvoda. waterPrikazan beingje added,način showingna howkoji thetopla hoti andhladna thevoda coldutiču waterjedna flowu into each otherdrugu.]]
Liquid isje onejedno of theod [[StateAgregatno of matterstanje|four primaryčetiri statesprimarna ofstanja mattermaterija]], with the others being [[solid]], [[gas]] and [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]. A liquid is a [[fluid]]. Unlike a solid, the [[molecule]]s in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid.
 
A liquid, like a gas, displays the properties of a fluid. A liquid can flow, assume the shape of a container, and, if placed in a sealed container, will distribute applied pressure evenly to every surface in the container. If you place the liquid in a bag, you can squeeze it into any shape you want. Unlike a gas, a liquid may not always mix readily with another liquid, will not always fill every space in the container, forming its own surface, and will not compress significantly, except under extremely high pressures. These properties make a liquid suitable for applications such as [[hydraulics]].