Nauka – razlika između verzija

[[File:Brain, G Reisch.png|thumb|right|''De potentiis anime sensitive'', Gregor Reisch (1504) ''[[Margarita philosophica]]''. MedievalSrednjevekovna sciencenauka mootedje arazmatrala [[Ventricularmoždane system|ventricle]]komore ofkao thelokacije brain as the location for ournašeg [[commonZdrav razum|zdravog senserazuma]],<ref>{{Citation

</ref> wheregde these [[TheoryTeorija of Formsformi|formforme]]s fromiz ournašeg [[sensorySenzorni sistem|senzornog systemsistema]]s commingledmešaju. ]]

[[File:Ibn al-Haytham.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Ibn al-Haytham|Ibn al-Haitamov]]'s "approachpristup je wasbio essentiallyesencijalno [[hypotheticoHipotetičko-deductivededuktivna modelteorija|hypotheticohipotetičko-deductivededuktivni]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2001}} [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657358?seq=114#page_scan_tab_contents pp.cxv-cxvi via JSTOR]</ref> ]]

DuringTokom [[lateKasna antiquityantika|kasne antike]] and thei [[earlyRani srednji vijek|ranog Middlesregnjeg Agesveka]], theAristotelski Aristotelianpristup approachispitivanja toprirodnih inquiriesfenomena onje natural phenomena was usedkorišten. SomeDeo ancientdrevnog knowledgeznanja wasje lostizgubljen, orili inu somenekim casesslučajevima keptdržan inu obscuritytami, duringtokom thepada fallRimskog ofcarstva thei Romanperiodičnih Empirepolitičkih and periodic political strugglesborbi. HoweverMeđutim, the general fieldsopšta ofpolja sciencenauke, orili [[naturalprirodne philosophyfilozofije]] askako itje was callednazivana, andi muchveći ofdeo theopšteg generalznanja knowledgeantičkog fromsveta theje ancientostao worldsačuvan remainedputem preservedrada thoughranih thelatinskih worksenciklopedista of the early Latin encyclopedists likepoput [[IsidoreIzidor ofSeviljski|Izidora SevilleSeviljskog]]. AlsoTakođe, in theu [[ByzantineVizantijsko carstvo|Vizantijskom empirecarstvu]], manymnogi GreekGrčki sciencenaučni textstekstovi weresu preservedočuvani inu obliku [[SyriacSirijski jezik|Sirijskih]] translationsprevoda donekoje byse groupsuradile suchgrupe aspoput NestoriansNestorijana andi MonophysitesMonofizita.<ref name="history natural philosophy">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Edward|title=A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68957-1|pages=62–67}}</ref> Many of these were translated later on into Arabic under the [[Caliphate]], during which many types of classical learning were preserved and in some cases improved upon.<ref name="history natural philosophy" /><ref>Alhacen had access to the optics books of Euclid and Ptolemy, as is shown by the title of his lost work ''A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book'' From Ibn Abi Usaibia's catalog, as cited in {{harv|Smith|2001}}{{rp|'''91'''(vol.1),p.xv}}</ref> The [[House of Wisdom]] was established in [[Abbasid]]-era [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293631/Iraq/22884/The-Abbasid-Caliphate The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> It is considered to have been a major intellectual center, during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], where Muslim scholars such as [[al-Kindi]] and [[Ibn Sahl]] in Baghdad, and [[Ibn al-Haytham]] in Cairo, flourished from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries, until the Mongol sack of Baghdad. Ibn al-Haytham, known later to the West as Alhazen, furthered the Aristotelian viewpoint,<ref>A brief overview can be found at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/231249 Smith, A. Mark (1981), "Getting the Big Picture in Perspectivist Optics" ''Isis'' '''72'''(4) (Dec., 1981). via JSTOR]{{rp|p.728}}</ref> by emphasizing experimental data and the reproducibility of its results.<ref group=nb>*"The two greatest mathematical scientists, in the half-century to follow the translation movement [from Greek to Arabic], al-Biruni and Ibn al-Haytham, raised ongoing enrichment [of science] to another plane, no longer mixed with translation activity of any kind." p.55 — H. Floris Cohen (2010) ''How modern science came into the world: four civilizations, one 17th century breakthrough''