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[[File:The Scientific Universe.png|thumb|500px|Skala Univerzuma – maprana prema granama nauke]]
'''Nauka''' ili '''znanost''' ([[Grčki jezik|grč.]] ''episteme'' - razumijevanje, spoznanje, studija; [[Latinski jezik|lat.]] ''scientia''; [[Engleski jezik|eng.]] i [[Francuski jezik|fr.]] ''science''; [[nemački jezik|njem.]] ''Wissenschaft'') je organizirani sustav sveukupnog ljudskog [[znanje|znanja]] stečen opažanjem procesa i pojava u [[priroda|prirodi]] i [[društvo|društvu]], koji je obrađen racionalnim, znanstveno prihvatljivim metodama.
'''Nauka''' ili '''znanost''' (lat.: ''scientia'' = znanje; grč.: λoγοs – ''logos'' = nauka, znanje, znanost, učenje) je sistem sređenih isistematiziranih znanja o nama i (matrijalnom i nematerijalnom) svijetu koji nas okružuje. T o je obimna i opsežna skupina [[informacija]] i o nekom subjektu, ali se ta riječ posebno koristila za informacije o fizičkom [[univerzum]]u. Kako se znanje povećavalo, pojedine metode su se dokazale pouzdanije nego neke druge, i danas su naučne metode standard za nauku. To uključuje korištenje pažljivog posmatranja, eksperimente, mjerenja, [[matematika|matematiku]], i ponavljanje.
*Prema standardnim rječnicima,''<ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=science|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=science&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=2014-09-20}}</ref> nauka je sistematski poduhvat koji stvara i organizira znanja u obliku objašnjenja i teorijskih predviđanja o [[Univerzum]]u (svemiru).<ref>Wilson E. O. (1998): Consilience: The unity of knowledge, Vintage Books, New York,ISBN 0-679-45077-7.</ref>
*''Moderna nauka je otkriće, kao i izum. To je otkriće da priroda općenito djeluje dovoljno ustaljeno da se može opisati zakonima, čak i [[matematika|matematičkim]]. Naučnim istraživanjima je potrebno [[tehnika|tehničko]] osmišljavanje, apstrakcije, aparati i organizacija za izlaganje rezultata koje liči na pravne deskripcije''.<ref>Heilbron J. L., Ed (2003): The Oxford Companion to the history of modern science. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-511229-6.</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |title=science |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science |accessdate=2011-10-16 |publisher= Merriam-Webster, Inc |quote='''3 a:'''Nauka je znanje ili sistem znanja koji pokriva opće istine ili opće zakonitosti koje je moguće testirati primjenom [[naučni metod|naučnnog metoda]]''
*'''B''', ''kao znanje ili takav sistem znanja koja se bave fizičkom svijetu i njegovim pojavama''}}<!--{{sfn|Popper|2002|p=3}}--></ref>
*U starijim i usko povezanim značenjima, nauka se također odnosi na takav korpus znanja sebi koji se može racionalno objasniti i pouzdano primijeniti. Djelatnik u oblasti nauke je poznat kao [[naučnik]].
 
Da bi se uzeo u razmatranje sa naučnog stanovišta, [[objekat]] posmatranja mora biti podvrgnut ponovljenim testiranjima od strane neovisnih posmatrača. Korištenje naučnih metoda za dostizanje novih otkrića se naziva naučno istraživanje, i ljudi koji rade ta istraživanja se zovu naučnici. U užem smislu, nauka se naziva eksperimentalnom, dok je svrha primijenjene nauke, odnosno inžinjerstva, praktično upotrebljavanje naučnog znanja. [[naučna hipoteza|Naučne hipoteze]] su edukovani prijedlozi objašnjenja fenomena ili razumne pretpostavke o prirodi univerzuma.
Znanost je objektivno, sistematizirano i argumentirano znanje o zakonitostima, činjenicama, pojavama i njihovim vjerojatnim uzrocima. Stečeno je i provjereno egzaktnim promatranjem, organiziranim pokusom i pravilnim razmišljanjem.
 
Naučna teorija je hipoteza koja je potvrđena ponovljenim promatranjima i mjerenjima. Naučne teorije su obično date kao matematičke forme, i uvijek su podložne odbacivanju ako ih budući eksperimenti opovrgnu. U modernom svijetu, naučna istraživanja su najvažnije aktivnosti svih razvijenih država, i od naučnika se očekuje da objave svoja otkrića u referentnim [[časopis]]ima, naučnim periodicima gdje suci provjeravaju fakte u članku, prije nego što se on objavi. Čak i poslije objavljivanja, nove naučne ideje nisu općenito prihvaćene dok se rad ne ponovi.
 
Naučna pismenost je sposobnost opće populacije da razumije osnovne koncepte koji se odnose na nauku.
 
== Znanstveni modeli, teorije, i zakoni ==
{{citat|Svi metodi, sve pretpostavke našeg sadašnjeg naučnog duha, bili su tokom hiljada godina izloženi najdubljem preziru: ukoliko ste tragali, za njima bili ste isključeni iz svakog opticaja sa "poštenim" ljudima — važili za "neprijatelja Boga", za onoga koji prezire istinu, za "opsednutog".<ref name="Antikrist">[http://www.scribd.com/doc/11166451/Friedrich-Nietzsche-Antikrist Friedrich Nietzsche - Antikrist]</ref>|[[Friedrich Nietzsche|Fridrih Niče]]}}
 
== Osnovna klasifikacija ==
== Matematika i znanstvena metoda ==
Naučna polja su uobičajeno podijeljena na dvije osnovne grupe: prirodne nauke, koje proučavaju prirodne pojave (uključujući i život u biološkom smislu) i socijalne nauke, koje proučavaju ljudsko ponašanje i društva.
== Ciljevi znanosti ==
== Znanstvena polja, grane i ogranci ==
<small>Podjela prema preporuci "Organizacije za ekonomsku kooperaciju i razvitak" ([[Organizacija za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj|OECD]])</small>
 
Matematika, koja je klasificirana kao formalna nauka, ima i sličnosti i razlike sa prirodnim i društvenim naukama. Formalna nauka je vitalna za empirijske nauke. Velika dostignuća u formalnim naukama obično dovode i do velkih dostignuća u empirijskim naukama. Formalne nauke su ključne u formiranju hipoteza, teorija i zakona, kako u otkrićima, tako i u opisivanju kako nešto radi (u prirodnim naukama), i u saznavanju kako ljudi misle i djeluju (u socijalnim naukama).
 
Dok su empirijska istraživanja prirode opisana čak u antičko doba (npr. od strane [[Aristotel]]a, [[Teofrast]]a i Plinija starijeg), naučne metode se koriste od Srednjeg vijeka (npr. od strane [[Al-Hejsem]]a, [[El-Biruni]]ja i [[Roger Bacon]]-a), pojava moderne nauke se općenito veže za moderni period poznat kao Naučna revolucija 16. i 17. vijeka.
 
<small>Podjela prema preporuci "Organizacije za ekonomsku kooperaciju i razvitak" ([[Organizacija za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj|OECD]])</small>
{{Columns-list|4|
=== Prirodne znanosti ===
* '''1.1 [[Matematika]] i [[informatika]]'''
Linija 193 ⟶ 206:
** [[Istorija umjetnosti]]
** [[Teologija]]
}}
== Eksterni linkovi ==
 
{{Commonscat|Science}}
== Reference ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Literatura ==
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{{refend}}
 
== Vanjske veze ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Science tourism}}
* "''GCSE Science textbook''". Wikibooks.org
 
'''Novosti'''
* [http://www.nature.com/news/ Nature News]. Science news by the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''
* [http://www.newscientist.com/ New Scientist]. An weekly magazine published by Reed Business Information
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/ ScienceDaily]
* [http://www.sciencenewsline.com/ Science Newsline]
* [http://sciencia.com/ Sciencia]
* [http://www.discovermagazine.com/ Discover Magazine]
* [http://www.science.ie/ Irish Science News] from Discover Science & Engineering
* [http://sciencestage.com/ Science Stage] Scientific Videoportal and Community
 
'''Resursi'''
* [http://www.euroscience.org/ Euroscience]:
** {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610204548/http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html |archivedate=10 June 2010 |title=ESOF: Euroscience Open Forum|url=http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html}}
* [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090504084802/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/science-and-education/ Science Development in the ''Latin American docta'']
* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-57;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-57;brand=default Classification of the Sciences] in ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas''. (Dictionary's new electronic format is badly botched, entries after "Design" are inaccessible. ''Internet Archive'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619205103/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-57 old version]).
* [http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml "Nature of Science"] ''University of California Museum of Paleontology''
* [http://www.science.gov/ United States Science Initiative] Selected science information provided by US Government agencies, including research & development results
* [http://undsci.berkeley.edu/index.php How science works] ''University of California Museum of Paleontology''
 
[[Kategorija:Nauka| ]]