Britansko Carstvo – razlika između verzija
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Red 9:
Do početka 20. veka [[Nemačko carstvo|Nemačka]] i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]] smanjile su preimućstvo Britanije u oblasti privrede. Sukobi nemačke i britanske buržoazije, koji su usledili, bili su glavni uzroci izbijanja [[Prvi svetski rat|Prvog svetskog rata]]. Ovaj sukob je naneo težak udarac Britaniji i u ljudstvu kao i u privredi. Iako je odmah nakon završetka Prvog svetskog rata dostigla najveći obim teritorije, Britanija više nije bila jedina industrijska ili vojna sila. Tokom [[Drugi svetski rat|Drugog svetskog rata]], britanske kolonije u jugoistočnoj Aziji okupirao je Japan. Uprkos pobedi Britanije i njenih saveznika, britanski prestiž je okrnjen a pad imperije je bio neminovan. [[Britanska Indija]], najvažniji i najnaseljeniji britanski posed, izborila se za nezavisnost u sklopu znatno šireg pokreta dekolonizacije kada je Britanija priznala nezavisnost većini teritorija u okviru carstva. Prenos suvereniteta nad [[Hongkong]]om [[Kina|Kini]] 1997. godine po mnogima je označio kraj Britanske imperije.<!-- <ref name="Brendon-Empire-end"/><ref name="Prince-Charles-Empire-End"/><ref name="refohbev594"/><ref name="BBC-Empire-End"/> --> Četrnaest prekomorskih teritorija ostalo je pod britanskim suverenitetom. Nakon što su stekle nezavisnost, mnoge bivše britanske kolonije pridružile su se [[Komonvelt]]u, slobodnom udruženju nezavisnih država. Šesnaest članica Komonvelta ima za šefa države englesku kraljicu [[Elizabeta II|Elizabetu II]].
== Poreklo (1497–1583) ==
[[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|upright|Kopija broda ''The Matthew'', koji je [[John Cabot]] koristio na njegovom drugom putovanju to [[Novi svet]]]]
Temelji Britanske Imperije su bili položeni još dok su [[Kraljevina Engleska|Engleska]] i [[Kraljevina Škotska|Škotska]] bile zasebna kranjevstva. In 1496 King [[Henry VII of England]], following the successes of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] in overseas exploration, commissioned [[John Cabot]] to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]].<ref name="ferguson3">[[#refFergusonEmpire2004|Ferguson 2004]], p. 3.</ref> Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the [[European discovery of America]], and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] (mistakenly believing, like [[Christopher Columbus]], that he had reached Asia),<ref>[[#refAndrews1985|Andrews 1985]], p. 45.</ref> there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again.<ref>[[#refFergusonEmpire2004|Ferguson 2004]], p. 4.</ref>
No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]], during the last decades of the 16th century.<ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], p. 35.</ref> The [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] had made enemies of England and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain.<ref name="ferguson3"/> In 1562, the [[List of English monarchs|English Crown]] sanctioned the [[privateer]]s [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] and [[Francis Drake]] to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa<ref>[[#refThomas|Thomas]], pp. 155–158</ref> with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] intensified, Elizabeth lent her blessing to further privateering against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic, laden with treasure from the [[New World]].<ref>[[#refFergusonEmpire2004|Ferguson 2004]], p. 7.</ref> At the same time, influential writers such as [[Richard Hakluyt]] and [[John Dee]] (who was the first to use the term "British Empire")<ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], p. 62.</ref> were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and [[Brazil]] to China, and [[French colonial empire|France]] had begun to settle the [[Saint Lawrence River]], later to become [[New France]].<ref>[[British Empire#refLloyd1996|Lloyd]], pp. 4–8.</ref>
=== Irske plantaže ===
Although England trailed behind other European powers in establishing overseas colonies, it had been engaged during the 16th century in the settlement of Ireland with Protestants from England and Scotland, drawing on precedents dating back to the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169.<ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], p. 7.</ref><ref>[[#refKenny|Kenny]], p. 5.</ref> Several people who helped establish the [[Plantations of Ireland]] also played a part in the early colonisation of North America, particularly a group known as the [[West Country men]].<ref>[[#refTaylor2001|Taylor]], pp. 119,123.</ref>
== „Prva“ Britanska Imperija (1583–1783) ==
{{Main|Engleske prekomorske nekretnine}}
Godine 1578, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] granted a patent to [[Humphrey Gilbert]] for discovery and overseas exploration.<ref>[[#refAndrews1985|Andrews]], p. 187.</ref> That year, Gilbert sailed for the [[Caribbean|West Indies]] with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic.<ref>[[#refAndrews1985|Andrews]], p. 188.</ref><ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], p. 63.</ref> In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, [[Walter Raleigh]], who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the [[Roanoke Colony|colony of Roanoke]] on the coast of present-day [[North Carolina]], but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.<ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], pp. 63–64.</ref>
Godine 1603, [[James VI and I|James VI, King of Scots]], ascended to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]], ending hostilities with [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies.<ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], p. 70.</ref> The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the [[British colonization of the Americas|English settlement]] of North America and the smaller islands of the [[Caribbean]], and the establishment of [[Privately held company|private companies]], most notably the [[East India Company|English East India Company]], to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] after the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".<ref>[[#refOHBEv1|Canny]], p. 34.</ref>
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