Kraljevstvo Hotan
Kraljevina Hotan (Khotan) je naziv za državu koja se u prostirala u 1. milenijumu postojala u Centralnoj Aziji na južnom rubu Taklamanske pustinje u Tarimskoj zavali. Ime je dobila po prijestolnici Hotan, koja se danas nalazi u kineskoj autonomnoj oblasti Xinjiang.
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Prvi put se spominje u službenim historijama kineske dinastije Han, kao grad koga je 56. zauezo Xian iz obližnjeg Jarkanda, ali se potom 61. oslobodio, pokorio Jarkand i obližnja mjesta. Kasnije je pao pod vlast Kineza, od koje se oslobodio nakon kolapsa dinastije Han. Zahvaljujući Putu svile bila je važno trgovačko središte, kao i mjesto odakle se širio budizam. U 7. vijeku je postala vazal dinastije Tang; nakratko su njegovim područjem vladali Tibetanci. Godine 1006. ga je osvojio muslimanski vojskovođa Jusuf Kadr Kan.
Fusnote uredi
- ↑ „Archaeological GIS and Oasis Geography in the Tarim Basin”. The Silk Road Foundation Newsletter. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-09-27. Pristupljeno 21. VII 2011.
- ↑ „The Sakan Language”. The Linguist. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-03-01. Pristupljeno 2. VIII 2007.
Literatura uredi
- Bailey, H. W. (1961). Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts. Volume IV. Translated and edited by H. W. Bailey. Indo-Scythian Studies, Cambridge, The University Press. 1961.
- Bailey, H. W. (1979). Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-14250-2.
- Beal, Samuel. 1884. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
- Beal, Samuel. 1911. The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
- Emmerick, R. E. 1967. Tibetan Texts Concerning Khotan. Oxford University Press, London.
- Emmerick, R. E. 1979. Guide to the Literature of Khotan. Reiyukai Library, Tokyo.
- Grousset, Rene. 1970. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Trans. by Naomi Walford. New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
- Hill, John E. July, 1988. "Notes on the Dating of Khotanese History." Indo-Iranian Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3. See: [1][mrtav link] for paid copy of original version. Updated version of this article is available for free download (with registration) at: [2]
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [3]
- Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
- Watters, Thomas (1904–1905). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: 1973.
Dodatna literatura uredi
- Hill, John E. (2003). Draft version of: "The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. 2nd Edition." "Appendix A: The Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE." [4]