Blackface

Blackface je izraz koji na engleskom doslovno znači "crno lice", a pod kojim se podrazumijeva kazališna šminka koja za svrhu ima izvođača "transformirati" u karikirani i stereotipni lik crnca. Blackface je svoj karakteristični oblik dobila u minstrel šouima u SAD u 19. vijeku, a koristili su je kako bijeli tako i crni izvođači. S vremenom je postala simbol rasističkih predrasuda te se od druge polovice 20. vijeka njeno korištenje smatra kontroverznim.

Reprodukcija postera za minstrel show Williama H. Westa iz 1900. godine koji je originalno izdala kompanija Strobridge Litho Co., a koji pokazuje transformaciju od bijelca u "crnca".

Izvori

• Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). „"Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture"”. Essence magazine. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2005-05-16. Pristupljeno 15. 11. 2005. 
• Hughes, Langston and Meltzer, Milton (1967). Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-306-80406-9. 
• Lott, Eric (1993), Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195078322 
• Malik, Sarita. „The Black and White Minstrel Show”. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-01-07. Pristupljeno 08. 01. 2007. 
• Sacks, Howard L, and Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Strausbaugh, John (2006), Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture, Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin, ISBN 1585424986 
• Toll, Robert C. (1974), Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0819563005 
• Twain, Mark (1924). „XIX, dictated 1906-11-30”. Mark Twain's Autobiography. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122. 
• Watkins, Mel (1999). On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 1-55652-351-3. 

Literatura

• Cockrell, Dale (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0-521-56828-5. 
• Levinthal, David (1999). Blackface. Arena. ISBN 1-892041-06-5. 
• Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9. 
• Rogin, Michael (1998). Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21380-7. 
• Abbott, Lynn, & Seroff, Doug (2008). Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs," and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. Arhivirano 2009-05-14 na Wayback Machine-u Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-901-7.
• Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN 082233643X. 

Vanjske veze

Blackface na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• "Blackface and other historic racial images from the Authentic History Center"
• "Bambizzoozled - Blackface in Movies and Television" Arhivirano 2015-02-17 na Wayback Machine-u
• "The Blackface Stereotype", Manthia Diawara
• "Cape Minstrel Festival Kaapse Klopse", Cape Town Magazine.
• Recent blackface stories in the news, from the Colorblind Society
• "Zulu Blackface: The Real Story!"
• "The New Era of Blackface," Louis Chude-Sokei
• "The History of Racist Blackface Stereotypes
• "Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity